Table 1.
The associations between cancer and dyslipidemia: A review of studies
| First author (reference number) | Year | Lipid component | Cancer type | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miao and Guan[8] | 2021 | Cholesterol | Gastric | High cholesterol was associated with significantly higher risk (35%) of gastric cancer |
| Zhang et al[9] | 2021 | Cholesterol | Ovarian | High cholesterol had a significant association with increased risk of ovarian cancer |
| Zhao et al[10] | 2021 | Cholesterol | Liver | Higher cholesterol had an inverse association with liver cancer |
| Li et al[13] | 2016 | Cholesterol | Breast | Increased cholesterol had a significant association with increased breast cancer risk |
| Jin et al[14] | 2019 | Cholesterol | Esophageal | Increased cholesterol was significantly associated with increased esophageal cancer risk |
| Gong et al[15] | 2016 | Cholesterol | Endometrial | Increased cholesterol had a significant association with increased endometrial cancer risk |
| Lin et al[16] | 2021 | Cholesterol and TG | Cervical | High cholesterol and high TG had a significant association with poor overall survival in patients with cervical cancer |
| Zhong et al[18] | 2020 | HDL-C | General | HDL-C has a J-shaped dose–response association with cancer mortality |
| Zhou et al[19] | 2018 | HDL-C | General | HDL-C was positively associated with overall survival in patients with cancer |
| Jeong et al[20] | 2021 | HDL-C | Hematologic | Low HDL-C had a significant association with increased hematologic cancers’ risk |
| Ma et al[17] | 2021 | HDL-C and TG | Non-small cell lung cancer | Low HDL-C (≤1.26 mmol/L) and high TG (>1.21 mmol/L) and were associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients |
| Lin et al[21] | 2021 | HDL-C and LDL-C | Epithelial ovarian | LDL-C had a positive significant association with poor overall survival and HDL-C had a positive significant association with better progression-free survival in epithelial ovarian cancer patients |
| Lofterød et al[22] | 2018 | HDL-C and TG | TNBC | TNBC patients with high HDL-C/total cholesterol ratio (≥0.35) had a 67% decreased risk of overall mortality in comparison with those with a low ratio (≤0.27) Overall mortality was three times higher in TNBC patients with high TG (≥1.23 mmol/l) in comparison with those with low TG |
| Tverdal et al[23] | 2021 | HDL-C | Colon | HDL-C had an inverse association with colon cancer in men |
| Hao et al[25] | 2019 | HDL-C | Clear cell renal | High HDL-C predicted better cancer-specific and overall survival in clear cell renal cancer patients |
| Lebdai et al[26] | 2018 | HDL-C | Prostate | Low HDL-C independently predicted locally advanced prostate cancer |
| Yuan et al[27] | 2019 | HDL-C | Gallbladder | Low HDL-C had a significant association with reduced overall survival in gallbladder cancer patients and also closely associated with distant metastasis |
| Notarnicola et al[28] | 2019 | LDL-C | General | Cancer mortality was significantly associated with elevated levels of small dense LDL-C compared to the control group |
| Jung et al[30] | 2021 | LDL-C | Prostate and pancreatic | LDL-C upregulated the production of various oncogene products and promoted migration, invasion, and proliferation of prostate and pancreatic cancer cells |
| Asare et al[31] | 2019 | LDL-C | Prostate | Assessment of oxidized LDL-C level could help discriminate benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostate cancer with a sensitivity of 69.44% and specificity of 88.24% |
| Wang et al[32] | 2021 | LDL-C | Pancreatic | High LDLR level had a significant correlation with a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients |
| Liu et al[33] | 2021 | LDL-C | Small cell lung | High LDL-C was a predictor of disease progression in limited-stage small cell lung cancer patients and was independently associated with poor progression-free and overall survival |
| Zhang et al[35] | 2018 | LDL-C | General | There was no association between levels of LDL-C and long-term cancer-related death risk in twenty years of follow-up |
| Yarla et al[36] | 2021 | TG | Colorectal | TG was found to be a useful prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients |
| Chen et al[37] | 2020 | TG | Colorectal | High TG (men≥1.53 mmol/L; women, ≥1.58 mmol/L) had a significant association with decreased overall and disease-free survival in high-risk Stage II or Stage III colorectal cancer patients who underwent surgery |
| Ma et al[38] | 2016 | TG | Prostate and breast | TG had no significant association with breast or prostate cancer risk |
| Cheng et al[39] | 2019 | TG | Prostate | Serum lipid levels including TG had no association with recurrence in prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy |
| Arthur et al[40] | 2019 | TG and cholesterol | Prostate | Neither TG nor total cholesterol was associated with prostate cancer mortality |
| Trabert et al[41] | 2021 | TG | Ovarian | TG measured two years before diagnosis had a positive association with ovarian cancer risk |
| Lin et al[16] | 2021 | TG | Cervical | High TG was independently and negatively associated with poor overall survival in cervical cancer patients |
| Luo et al[42] | 2019 | HDL-C and TG | Endometrial | TG/HDL-C ratio≥1.52 independently predicted endometrial cancer and was also positively associated with tumor stage |
TG=Triglycerides, HDL-C=High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C=Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TNBC=Triple-negative breast cancer, LDLR=LDL receptor