Table 3.

Results of cognitive measurements

Test	Measure	CS* baseline to post-intervention	Random intercept model	Correlation with BDNF (including age)
Verbal Learning Memory Test	Immediate recall (Dg1–5)	t37.86 = −2.16, p = 0.037	F2, 76.12 = 2.55, p = 0.084	Probiotics: r = 0.26, p = 0.33 Placebo: r = −0.01, p = 0.97
	Intermediate recall (Dg5–Dg6)	t37.24 = 0.24, p = 0.82	F2, 68.32 = 1.29, p = 0.28	Probiotics: r = 0.04, p = 0.88 Placebo: r = −0.05, p = 0.86
	Long-term recall (Dg5–Dg7)	t35.47 = −1.79, p = 0.082	F2, 77.57 = 1.74, p = 0.18	Probiotics: r = 0.10, p = 0.72 Placebo: r = 0.18, p = 0.52
Corsi block tapping test	Correct sequence forward	t35.15 = −0.55, p = 0.59	F2, 79.51 = 0.09, p = 0.91	–
	Correct sequence backward	t37.08 = −1.43, p = 0.16	F2, 79.92 = 1.44, p = 0.24	–
Trail Making Test	TMT A time	t29.95 = 0.081, p = 0.94	F2, 71.57 = 0.06, p = 0.94	–
	TMT B time	t28.44 = −1.68, p = 0.10	F2, 70.92 = 1.02, p = 0.36	–
2-back task	Reaction time	t26.97 = 1.037, p = 0.31	–	Probiotics: r = −0.29, p = 0.34 Placebo: = 0.50, p = 0.08
	Accuracy	t22.20 = 0.098, p = 0.92	–	Probiotics: r = −0.44, p = 0.13 Placebo: r = 0.19, p = 0.53

BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CS = Change Score; TMT = Trail Making Test.

^*Calculated by subtracting the post-intervention score from the baseline score.