Figure 3.

Types of in vitro models to study oxidative stress. (A) Cell culture can be sourced from immortalized and primary cell lines. In complex models, 3D cell cultures are prioritized over 2D monolayer culture [108]. (B) Precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) are obtained from tissue of interest using a specific tissue slicer. Produced slices can be transferred and assessed in regular cell culture environment thereafter [109]. (C) Examples of advanced cell culture techniques: organoids and organs-on-a-chip. Organoids are 3D tissue structures grown from stem cells [110]. Organ-on-a-chip represent a new model to study impact of temperature, shear-stress, and oxygenation [111].