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. 2023 Jan 10;12(1):162. doi: 10.3390/antiox12010162

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The main MR analysis results of the causal effects of four absolute circulating antioxidant levels on six major mental disorders. The ORs are scaled per µmol/L increase in ascorbate (A), per 0.1 unit increase in ln-transformed retinol (B), per unit increase in ln-transformed β-carotene (C), and per µg/dL increase in lycopene (D). The asterisk represents a suggestive association (0.001 < p-value < 0.05). Abbreviations: AD, anxiety disorders; MDD, major depressive disorder; BIP, bipolar disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder.