Table 1.

The summary of instrumental variables for diet-derived absolute circulating antioxidants and antioxidant metabolites.

Trait	Sample Size	p-Value	LD	No. of SNPs	Explained Variance (%)	Unit	PMID
Absolute circulating antioxidants
Ascorbate	52,018	5 × 10−8	0.001	10	1.7	µmol/L	33203707
Retinol	5006	5 × 10−8	0.001	2	2.3	µg/L in ln-transformed scale	21878437
β-Carotene	2344	5 × 10−8	0.001	2	4.8	µg/L in ln-transformed scale	23134893
Lycopene	441	5 × 10−6	0.001	5	30.1	µg/dL	26861389
Circulating antioxidant metabolites
α-Tocopherol	7725	1 × 10−5	0.001	11	6.8	log10-transformed metabolites concentration	24816252
γ-Tocopherol	6226	1 × 10−5	0.001	13	9.8	log10-transformed metabolites concentration	24816252
Ascorbate	2085	1 × 10−5	0.001	14	21.7	log10-transformed metabolites concentration	24816252
Retinol	1960	1 × 10−5	0.001	26	20.6	log10-transformed metabolites concentration	28263315

Abbreviations: LD, linkage disequilibrium.