Table 1.
Anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters of the study population at baseline and at the end of the active phase of the VLCKD.
| Parameters N = 318 |
Baseline | End of Active Phase of VLCKD |
∆% | * p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | 95.15 ± 15.89 | 88.14 ± 14.91 | −7.35 ± 2.72 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.75 ± 5.18 | 33.11 ± 4.88 | −7.36 ± 2.73 | <0.001 |
| Normal weight (n, %) | - | 7, 2.2 | 2.2 | χ2 = 5.20, p = 0.023 |
| Overweight (n, %) | 47, 14.8 | 96, 30.2 | 15.4 | χ2 = 20.79, p < 0.001 |
| Grade I obesity (n, %) | 104, 32.7 | 105, 33.0 | 0.3 | χ2 = 0.00, p = 1.000 |
| Grade II obesity (n, %) | 100, 31.4 | 81, 25.5 | −5.9 | χ2 = 2.50, p = 0.114 |
| Grade III obesity (n, %) | 67, 21.1 | 29, 9.1 | −12.0 | χ2 = 16.80, p < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 104.84 ± 14.58 | 98.39 ± 13.63 | −5.96 ± 4.56 | <0.001 |
| BIA | ||||
| R (Ω) | 477.36 ± 69.94 | 483.81 ± 67.29 | 1.76 ± 8.35 | 0.003 |
| Xc (Ω) | 47.64 ± 9.72 | 51.17 ± 9.52 | 8.75 ± 15.18 | <0.001 |
| FM (kg) | 40.98 ± 12.64 | 34.83 ± 11.52 | −15.06 ± 8.85 | <0.001 |
| FM (%) | 42.24 ± 6.59 | 38.66 ± 6.94 | −8.53 ± 7.78 | <0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 54.16 ± 5.79 | 53.24 ± 6.02 | −1.65 ± 4.76 | <0.001 |
| FFM (%) | 57.76 ± 6.59 | 61.33 ± 6.94 | 6.33 ± 5.60 | <0.001 |
| PhA (°) | 5.71 ± 0.86 | 6.04 ± 0.81 | 6.78 ± 11.77 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as numbers (n) and percentages (%). VLCKD, very low-calorie ketogenic diet; Δ%, percentage change; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; R, resistance; Xc, reactance; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; PhA, phase angle. A p-value in bold denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05).