Table 2.
Anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters of the study population according to the categories of adherence to the MD at baseline and at the end of the active phase of the VLCKD.
| Parameters N = 318 |
Low Adherence to MD 117, 36.8% |
Average Adherence to MD 172, 54.1% |
High Adherence to MD 29, 9.1% |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline parameters | ||||
| Age (years) | 39.46 ± 14.41 | 37.84 ± 14.05 | 42.24 ± 15.88 | 0.264 |
| Weight (kg) | 100.90 ± 16.97 a,b | 93.28 ± 14.19 a | 83.06 ± 11.22 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 38.13 ± 5.04 a,b | 34.90 ± 4.71 a | 31.23 ± 3.66 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 110.68 ± 13.98 a,b | 102.29 ± 13.89 | 95.51 ± 12.26 | <0.001 |
| R (Ω) | 469.29 ± 64.06 | 481.87 ± 76.10 | 483.21 ± 50.88 | 0.291 |
| Xc (Ω) | 46.01 ± 9.48 | 48.26 ± 10.19 | 50.51 ± 6.45 | 0.038 |
| FM (kg) | 46.00 ± 13.65 a,b | 39.36 ± 11.00 a | 30.32 ± 7.62 | <0.001 |
| FM (%) | 44.81 ± 6.16 a,b | 41.52 ± 6.26 a | 36.10 ± 50.08 | <0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 54.89 ± 5.83 | 53.90 ± 5.79 | 52.73 ± 5.47 | 0.136 |
| FFM (%) | 55.19 ± 6.16 a,b | 58.48 ± 6.26 a | 63.90 ± 5.08 | <0.001 |
| PhA (°) | 5.60 ± 0.88 | 5.73 ± 0.86 | 5.97 ± 0.61 | 0.091 |
| Parameters at the end of active phase of VLCKD | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 94.65 ± 15.58 a,b | 85.81 ± 13.03 a | 75.76 ± 10.30 | <0.001 |
| Δ% weight | −6.89 ± 2.76 | −7.60 ± 2.71 | −7.75 ± 2.41 | 0.065 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.78 ± 4.61 a,b | 32.09 ± 4.27 a | 28.49 ± 3.46 | <0.001 |
| Δ% BMI | −6.11 ± 2.30 a,b | −7.99 ± 2.57 | −8.72 ± 3.34 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 104.22 ± 12.79 a,b | 95.79 ± 12.99 | 90.24 ± 12.02 | <0.001 |
| Δ% WC | −5.61 ± 4.26 | −6.17 ± 4.53 | −6.33 ± 5.96 | 0.539 |
| R (Ω) | 488.74 ± 66.64 | 481.41 ± 69.66 | 478.13 ± 55.38 | 0.592 |
| Δ% R | 4.54 ± 9.58 a,b | 0.34 ± 7.37 | −1.02 ± 4.99 | <0.001 |
| Xc (Ω) | 50.25 ± 10.33 | 51.71 ± 9.39 | 51.66 ± 6.35 | 0.428 |
| Δ% Xc | 10.41 ± 16.98 | 8.57 ± 13.91 | 3.15 ± 13.75 | 0.068 |
| FM (kg) | 41.06 ± 11.85 a,b | 32.53 ± 9.46 a | 23.33 ± 6.63 | <0.001 |
| Δ% FM | −10.29 ± 6.73 a,b | −17.07 ± 8.14 | −23.17 ± 10.15 | <0.001 |
| FM (%) | 42.70 ± 5.80 a,b | 37.28 ± 6.05 a | 30.51 ± 5.82 | <0.001 |
| Δ% FM | −4.49 ± 6.06 a,b | −10.06 ± 7.23 a | −15.78 ± 8.76 | <0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 53.59 ± 6.00 | 53.29 ± 5.93 | 51.47 ± 6.54 | 0.236 |
| Δ% FFM | −2.34 ± 4.61 b | −1.07 ± 4.07 | −2.24 ± 7.98 | 0.065 |
| FFM (%) | 57.30 ± 5.80 a,b | 62.69 ± 6.07 a | 69.49 ± 5.82 | <0.001 |
| Δ% FFM | −4.49 ± 6.06 a,b | −10.06 ± 7.23 | −15.78 ± 8.76 | <0.001 |
| PhA (°) | 5.86 ± 0.86 b | 6.15 ± 0.81 | 6.17 ± 0.50 | 0.010 |
| Δ% PhA | 5.50 ± 11.67 | 8.24 ± 11.77 | 4.08 ± 11.58 | 0.063 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). MD, Mediterranean diet; Δ%, percentage change; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumferences; R, resistance; Xc, reactance; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; PhA, phase angle; VLCKD, very low-calorie ketogenic diet. A p-value in bold denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05). a p < 0.05 vs. high adherence to the MD (at least significant difference post-hoc analysis for multiple comparisons). b p < 0.05 vs. average adherence to the MD (at least significant difference post-hoc analysis for multiple comparisons).