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Oxidative stress biomarkers in livers of rats that received DF treatment and pretreatments with O. robusta extract (OR + DF), betanin (Bet + DF) and NAC (NAC + DF). (A) MDA concentrations, (B) GSH levels and (C) GSSG/GSH ratio. Bar graphs show the mean (n = 3) ± SEM; p > 0.05, **: p ≤ 0.01, ****: p ≤ 0.0001 vs. control group. #: p ≤ 0.05, ##: p ≤ 0.01, ###: p ≤ 0.001, ####: p ≤ 0.0001 vs. DF group.
