Table 3. PPA of Anthropometric, Laboratory, and Dietary Data in the Placebo and the Butyrate Arms at Baseline and the End of the Trial.
| Variable | Mean (95% cluster CI)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo (n = 25) | Butyrate (n = 23) | |||
| Baseline | 6 mo | Baseline | 6 mo | |
| BMI | 29.47 (29.35-29.60) | 28.71 (27.86-29.56) | 29.55 (29.45-29.65) | 26.53 (25.94-27.12) |
| BMI SDS, WHO | 3.15 (3.15-3.16) | 2.89 (2.78-3.00) | 3.15 (3.15-3.16) | 2.58 (2.48-2.69) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.67 (86.28-87.07) | 86.03 (84.94-87.12) | 86.87 (86.46-87.28) | 81.15 (79.04-83.26) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 79.45 (78.61-80.28) | 74.73 (70.52-78.94) | 80.21 (79.48-80.94) | 75.43 (69.81-81.05) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 19.51 (18.28-20.75) | 17.16 (14.69-19.64) | 20.38 (19.03-21.73) | 12.61 (9.3-15.93) |
| HOMA-IR | 3.79 (3.54-4.04) | 3.20 (2.73-3.67) | 4.00 (3.74-4.27) | 2.27 (1.61-2.93) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 172.39 (167.3-177.49) | 160.35 (151.2-169.51) | 169.79 (167.73-171.85) | 156.75 (149.14-164.35) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 115.5 (111.62-119.38) | 102.54 (95.21-109.87) | 113.08 (111.63-114.53) | 99.45 (92.56-106.33) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 43.6 (42.85-44.36) | 45.19 (41.16-49.23) | 43.49 (42.81-44.18) | 43.46 (39.36-47.56) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 97.86 (92.31-103.41) | 93.14 (79.32-106.96) | 98.24 (93.09-103.39) | 80.2 (69.47-90.92) |
| Ghrelin, pg/mL | 159.34 (148.15-170.53) | 140.94 (120.74-161.15) | 164.26 (154.45-174.08) | 97.98 (69.24-126.71) |
| microRNA-221, relative expression | 4.42 (4.08-4.77) | 3.56 (2.86-4.25) | 4.40 (4.14-4.67) | 1.36 (0.77-1.95) |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 7.59 (6.88-8.29) | 9 (6.79-11.21) | 8.15 (7.42-8.88) | 4.75 (3.77-5.73) |
| Energy, kcal/d | 2086.85 (1959.19-2214.52) | 1595.45 (1380.3-1810.61) | 2057.46 (1923.22-2191.7) | 1577.07 (1290.38-1863.77) |
| Energy, kcal/kg weight | 33.43 (31.49-35.38) | 24.99 (21.48-28.51) | 32.12 (29.9-34.35) | 27.14 (21.14-33.13) |
| Carbohydrates, g/d | 289.16 (273.24-305.07) | 218.63 (177.89-259.38) | 282.56 (262.64-302.48) | 212.55 (163.67-261.42) |
| Energy from carbohydrates, % | 55.37 (53.78-56.95) | 53.89 (48.26-59.51) | 53.74 (52.06-55.41) | 51.7 (45.8-57.6) |
| Fat, g/d | 66.56 (59.28-73.84) | 52.7 (39.51-65.88) | 66.94 (60.83-73.06) | 54.54 (43.68-65.4) |
| Energy from fat, % | 27.98 (26.93-29.02) | 29.27 (24.87-33.67) | 29.11 (27.72-30.5) | 32.21 (28.09-36.33) |
| Energy from SFA, % | 8.84 (8.23-9.45) | 7.72 (6.1-9.34) | 9.19 (8.63-9.75) | 8.46 (7.35-9.56) |
| Energy from MUFA, % | 15.6 (14.98-16.22) | 17.46 (15.00-19.92) | 16.21 (15.38-17.05) | 19.43 (16.63-22.23) |
| Energy from PUFA, % | 3.46 (3.15-3.76) | 4.02 (3.13-4.91) | 3.79 (3.39-4.19) | 4.4 (3.56-5.24) |
| Protein, g/d | 82.55 (77.12-87.98) | 61.42 (52.21-70.63) | 81.44 (76.49-86.4) | 59.27 (48.65-69.9) |
| Energy from PRO, % | 16.77 (15.95-17.59) | 16.96 (14.15-19.77) | 17.03 (16.13-17.94) | 15.97 (13.43-18.5) |
| Protein, g/kg weight | 1.35 (1.25-1.45) | 0.96 (0.80-1.11) | 1.28 (1.18-1.37) | 0.99 (0.8-1.18) |
| Cholesterol, g/d | 196.11 (168.24-223.98) | 106.25 (60.18-152.32) | 213.9 (185.73-242.07) | 143.09 (92.5-193.69) |
| Fiber, g | 17.72 (15.85-19.6) | 17.99 (13.01-22.96) | 16.94 (15.27-18.61) | 15.06 (10.75-19.36) |
| Fiber, g/1000 kcal energy | 8.57 (7.93-9.21) | 11.45 (8.88-14.03) | 8.51 (7.75-9.28) | 9.14 (7.67-10.61) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PPA, per protocol analysis; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SDS, SD scores; SFA, saturated fatty acids; WHO, World Health Organization.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945; and triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
Values were obtained from linear regression for repeated measures with correction for the basal value of the outcome. Details are presented in the Statistical Analysis section.