Table 1.
Prevalence of extrahepatic manifestations in HCV infections.
| EHMs | Authors | Study Method | Findings in HCV Patients (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes mellitus | Younossi [9] | Systematic review (31 studies, n = 263,973) |
Prevalence: 15% (13–18%) |
| Younossi [18] | Systematic review (21 studies, n = 22,432) |
Prevalence 19.0% (15.6–22.9%) | |
| Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease | Lee [19] | Systematic review (36 studies, n = 341,739) |
RR of cardiovascular events, MI, stroke 1.28 (1.15–1.42), 1.13 (1.00–1.28), 1.28 (1.18–1.39), respectively |
| Petta [20] | Systematic review (22 studies, n = 390 602) |
OR of CVD–related mortality, carotid plaques, and CVA 1.65 (1.07–2.56), 2.27(1.76–2.94), 1.30 (1.10–1.55), respectively |
|
| Mixed cryoglobulinemia | Younossi [9] | Systematic review (21 studies, n = 4415) |
Prevalence: 30% (21.4–38.9%) OR 11.50 (4.56–29.00) |
| Park [21] | Retrospective cohort (n = 55,646) | HR 16.91 (12.00–23.81) | |
| Chronic kidney disease | Park [21] | Retrospective cohort (n = 56,448) |
HR of 1.27 (1.18–1.37) |
| Lymphoma | de Sanjose [22] | Case control (n = 11,053) |
OR of Marginal zone lymphoma, DLBCL, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 2.47 (1.44–4.23), 2.24 (1.68–2.99), 2.57 (1.14–5.79), respectively |
| Pozzato [23] | Systematic review (50 studies, n = 21,262) |
RR of NHL 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | |
| Porphyria cutanea tarda | Gisbert [24] | Systematic review (50 studies, n = 2167) |
Prevalence: 47–50% OR 275 (104–725) |
| Younossi [9] | Systematic review (7 studies, n = 970,315) |
Prevalence: 0.5% (0.1–0.8) OR 8.53 (4.15–17.52) |
|
| Lichen planus | Alaizari [25] | Systematic review (19 studies, n = 4326) |
OR 6.07 (2.73–13.48) |
| Sjogren syndrome | Younossi [9] | Systematic review (11 studies, n = 38,789) |
Prevalence: 11.9% (7.6–16.2%) RR 2.29 (0.19–27.09) |
| Yeh [26] | A population-based analysis (n = 48,145) |
OR 2.49 (2.16–2.86) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Younossi [9] | Systematic review (4 studies, n = 210,538) |
Prevalence: 1% (0.0–2.0%) OR 2.39 (1.52–3.77) |
| Younossi [18] | Systematic review (5 studies, n = 18,234) |
Prevalence: 4.5% (0.6–25.7%) OR 2.49 (1.79–3.45) |
|
| Thyroiditis | Shen [27] | Systematic review (12 studies, n = 3603) |
Prevalence of hypothyroidism: 6.36% OR 3.10 (2.19–4.40) |
EHMs, extrahepatic manifestations; OR, odd ratio; RR, relative risk; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial ischemia; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; NHL, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.