Figure 1.

The outline of the study, divided into four phases: (i) The preparatory phase, in which participants were enrolled and screened to ensure their eligibility for the study. During this period, their response to TSCS was tested and optimal stimulation settings were determined. The visual analog scale was used to record their response to the stimulation. After completing a baseline assessment over a period of 2 weeks, the participants received two phases of therapy, each lasting for 12 weeks, with two half-way assessments completed every 6 weeks. (ii) Training phase 1, transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) with task-specific rehabilitation (TSR); (iii) training phase 2, TSR alone; and (iv) the follow-up phase, during which no therapy was performed, and assessments were repeated 6 weeks following the completion of the TSR training period.