Table 2.
The responses recorded from trunk muscles measured through EMG.
| (A) | ||||||||
| Study Timeline | Extension | |||||||
| Rt. ES | Lt. ES | Rt. LD | Lt. LD | |||||
| Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
| Baseline | 1.62 ± 0.95 | - | 1.79 ± 1.25 | - | 2.20 ± 1.60 | - | 2.57 ± 1.81 | - |
| TSCS+TSR | 6.93 ± 6.32 | * | 7.53 ± 5.47 | * | 8.86 ± 6.04 | *** | 9.94 ± 6.70 | * |
| TSR | 4.11 ± 2.68 | *** | 4.57 ± 3.02 | *** | 5.01 ± 3.71 | *** | 5.70 ± 4.86 | * |
| Follow-up | 4.19 ± 2.58 | *** | 4.69 ± 2.97 | *** | 5.02 ± 3.03 | ns | 6.07 ± 4.45 | *** |
| (B) | ||||||||
| Study timeline | Left rotation | |||||||
| Rt. EO | Lt. EO | |||||||
| Mean ± SD | p -Value | Mean ± SD | p -Value | |||||
| Baseline | 1.55 ± 0.93 | - | 2.07 ± 1.17 | - | ||||
| TSCS+TSR | 6.86 ± 3.94 | * | 13.47 ± 7.49 | * | ||||
| TSR | 6.06 ± 3.38 | * | 12.06 ± 6.73 | * | ||||
| Follow-up | 5.84 ± 3.40 | * | 11.19 ± 6.23 | * | ||||
LD, latissimus dorsi; ES, erector spinae; EO, external oblique; Rt, right; Lt, left; Lat, lateral; SD, standard deviation; TSCS, transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation; TSR, task-specific rehabilitation; * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, non-significant (ns) p > 0.05, all in comparison with the baseline value.