Table 6.

Advantages and limitations of antibodies as bioreceptors.

Advantages	Limitations
Diverse targets including small molecules, complex macromolecules, viruses, and bacteria [29,33,84] High affinity and specificity [87,88,89] Widely available [92,93] Regeneration possible for multiple binding cycles [18]	Poor stability [24,91] Batch-to-batch and vendor-to-vendor variability [92,156,178] Expensive [89,157] Potential activity loss from immobilization and regeneration procedures [75,96] Time-consuming and laborious discovery and production [30,89] Susceptible to sample contamination [89]