Table 1.

Antiatherosclerotic compounds and mechanisms.

Compounds	Mechanisms of Autophagy Induction	Antiatherosclerotic Effects	References
Fucoidan	Autophagy (direct)	↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↓lipid accumulation	[149]
Miltefosine	AMPK/ULK1	↓mtROS ↑mitochondrial membrane potential ↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↑cholesterol release	[150]
PUFAs	Autophagy (direct)	↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↓IL-1β secretion caspase-1 cleavage	[151]
Arglabin	Autophagy (direct)	↓IL-1β and IL-18 ↓plasma lipids ↑anti-Inflammatory M2 Phenotype	[152]
Melatonin	Sirt3/FOXO3a/Parkin	↓mtROS ↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↓plaque size and vulnerability	[107]
VX765	Parkin	↓NLRP3 inflammasome assembly ↓foam cell formation ↑efferocytosis	[145]
13-Methylberberine	Autophagy (direct)	↓ROS ↓NLRP3 inflammasome	[153]
Rivaroxaban	Protease-activated receptor 2	↓NLRP3 inflammasome atherosclerotic plaques↓	[154]
Clematichinenoside AR	Autophagy (direct)	↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↑ABCA1/ABCG1 ↑cholesterol efflux ↓ foam cell formation	[155]
Atorvastatin	mTOR	↓NLRP3 inflammasome ↓lipid deposition ↓foam cell formation	[156]

Note: ↑ Represents up-regulation; ↓ Represents down-regulation.