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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The bacteriophage and toxicological cycle mechanism. Viral infection of the gut microbiome bacteria, activation of toxin production, release of toxin-like proteins into circulation, activation of gut-brain axis, receptor saturation. Image obtained with BioRender.com (28 November 2022).