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. 2022 Dec 26;11(1):52. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11010052

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Factors influencing the efficacy and safety of vaccines. Studies show that responsiveness as well as potential adverse reactions to vaccines are dependent on several factors including sex, age, ethnicity, comorbidities, immune state, therapies, and the genetic/biological characteristics of the individual. Systems biology is instrumental to differentiate the cohorts of subjects that will benefit from vaccination from the ones that will not and may develop serious adverse effects after vaccination.