Table 3.
Deposition methods by labeled nanomaterials for immunosensor fabrication.
| Label-Based Nanomaterials | Analyte/Electrodes | Sensing Strategies/Techniques | LOD | LR | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-HFA 1 DAb & HRP/COOH-MWCNT | HFA/CAb-biotin/streptavidin/SPCE | H2O2/HRP/hydroquinone/amperometry | 16 pg/mL | 20–2000 pg/mL | [96] |
| Anti-CA125 DAb/AuNP-LaOx 2 | CA125/CAb/CS-AuNP/MWCNT-GO/GCE | H2O2/LaOx/lactic acid/amperometry | 2 mU/mL | 0.01–100 U/mL | [97] |
| Anti-CEA DAb/MoS2 NFs/Au@AgPt YNCs 3 | CEA/CAb/MoS2/Au@AgPt YNCs/GCE | Enhanced H2O2 reduction via AgPt/amperometry | 3.09 fg/mL | 1 × 105 –100 ng/mL | [98] |
| Anti-CEA DAb/GR sheet-Fe3O4/Au@Ag/Ni2+ | CEA/CAb/AuNPs/GCE | Enhanced H2O2 reduction via Ni2+/amperometry | 69.7 fg/mL | 1 × 10−4–100 ng/mL | [99] |
| Anti-CEA DAb/Au@SiO2/Cu2O | CEA/CAb/Ag/g-C3N4 4 /GCE | Enhanced H2O2 reduction via Cu2O/amperometry | 3.8 fg/mL | 1 × 10−5−80 ng/mL | [100] |
| Anti-PSA DAb/Au@Ag-Cu2O | PSA/CAb/Au@N-GQDs/GCE | Enhanced H2O2 reduction via Cu2O/amperometry | 3 fg/mL | 1 × 10−5−100 ng/mL | [101] |
| Anti-cTnI DAb/N,S-cGO/L-lys/AuNR@Pt MBs/Thi 5 | cTnI/CAb/AuNR@PDA/GCE | Direct reduction of Thi/ amperometry and DPV | 16.7 fg/mL | 5 × 10−5–250 ng/mL | [102] |
| Anti-CEA DAb/Ag@CeO2 core-shell-Au NPs | CEA/CAb/AuNPs/GCE | Ag-CeO2 direct redox/CV & EIS | 32 fg/mL | 1 × 10−4–5 ng/mL | [48] |
| Anti-CA125 DAb-TB/Suc-CS@MNP 6 | CA125/CAb/PAMAM 7 /AuNP-3D RGO-MWCNT | Direct reduction of TB/SWV | 6 μU/mL | 0.0005–75 U/mL | [103] |
| Carbaryl hapten@CuNP-CS | Carbaryl/CAb/AuNP/GCE | Direct oxidation of CuNPs after immuno-competition/linear sweep ASV | 0.05 ng/mL | 0.5–20.0 ng/mL | [104] |
| Anti-CEA DAb/RGO/Co3O4-Ag@ PDA | CEA/CAb/AuNP/GCEs | Ag-Ag+ redox with H2O2 enhancement/DPV | 0.17 pg/mL | 0.0005–80 ng/mL | [49] |
| CdS nanocrystals/phage | Molinate/14D7 CAb/polynitroaniline/GCE | CdS-Cd2+ with HCl dissolution/square wave ASV | 34 pg/mL | 0.1–10 ng/mL | [105] |
| Anti-casein biotin-CAb/Streptavidin/CdSe/ZnS QDs | Bovine casein/Bovine casein/Sb2O5-SnO2/SPCEs | CdSe-Cd2+ after immuno-competition with HCl dissolution/ASV | 0.07 % (v/v) | 0.1–10% (v/v) Cow’s milk in ewe/goat’s cheese | [106] |
| anti-HE4 CAb/CdSe/ZnS QDs | HE4 8 /DAb/MBs/Hg/SPCEs | CdSe-Cd2+ after immuno-competition with HCl dissolution/ASV | 2 pM | 20–40 nM | [107] |
| Anit-FABP DAb/CdS- ZnO-MWCNTs | FABP/CAb/CD-GS/GCE 9 | CdS-Cd2+ with HNO3 dissolution/ASV | 0.3 fg/mL | 1.3–130 ng/mL | [108] |
1 HFA: human fetuin A; 2 LaOx: lactate oxidase; 3 MoS2 NFs/Au@AgPt YNCs: MoS2 nanoflowers/trimetallic yolk-shell Au@AgPt nanocubes; 4 g-C3N4: graphitic carbon nitride; 5 Anti-cTnI/cGO/L-lys/Au@Pt MBs/Thi: anti-cardiac troponin I/nitrogen/sulfur co-doped graphene oxide/L-lysine/Au nanorod@Pt core-shell multi-branched nanoparticles/thionine; 6 TB/Suc-CS@MB; toluidine blue /O-succinyl-chitosan-magnetic nanoparticles; 7 PAMAM: polyamidoamine; 8 HE4: human epididymis protein 4; 9 FABP/CD-GS/: human heart-type fatty-acid-binding protein/β-cyclodextrin-graphene sheets.