Table 1.

Preclinical studies related to natural anti-inflammatory agents targeting inflammatory pathways for ASD treatment.

S. No.	Pathway	Anti-Inflammatory Agent	Target	Remark	References
1.	NF-κB	Resveratrol	IL-1β, TNF-α IL-17A	Blocks IL-1β & TNF-α resulted in a decrease in expression of NF-κB. Increases the levels of IL-17A.	[40]
		Palmitoylethanolamide & luteoiln	IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, NF-κB	Significant decrease in NF-kB p65 levels in cerebral tissue from co-ultra PEA-LUT treated mice when compared to VPA mice.	[54]
2.	JAK/STAT	Luteolin Diosmine	IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ	Reverses the behavior and neuropathological changes by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway through IL-6. Inhibit IFN-γ-induced STAT1 activation & attenuate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured and primary microglial cells.	[41,55]
		Quercetine	IL-12	Inhibits IL-12 production and neural antigen-specific Th1 differentiation.	[55]
3.	ERK/MAPK	IL-17A antibody	IL-17A	IL-17 also activates the MAPK/ERK, p38, and JNK pathways. The ERK/MAPK signaling is known to play a critical role in brain development, as well as in learning, memory, and cognition.	[38,43]

ASD—Autism Spectrum Disorders; IL—Interleukins; IFNr—Interferons; TNF—Tumor Necrosis Factor; Poly (I:C)—Poly-Inosinic, Polycytidylic Acid; NF-κB—Nuclear Factor Kappa B; JAK/STATs—Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptions; MAPK—Mitogen-Activated Proteins Kinase.