Table 5.
Non-Commercial / Research Wearables for Monitoring NDD-Related Motor Impairments.
| NDD Type | Device Type | Research Description | Sensors or Technology Used | Real-Time Monitoring |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parkinson | Bracelet (2017) | Use wearable sensors to quantify doses in patients with PD to address motor affections such as tremors, bradykinesia, and dyskinesia [109]. | Wrist and ankle motion sensors | Yes |
| Parkinson | Bracelet (2018) | Evaluate a fall prediction test using body sensors in patients with PD [110]. | Inertial sensor and software system (Kinesis QTUG™, Kinesis Health Technologies, Dublin, Ireland) | Yes |
| Parkinson | Bracelet and Belt (2021) | Evaluate motor disabilities in patients with PD [111]. | Accelerometer | Yes |
| Parkinson | Shoe accessory (2020) | Using a 3D accelerometer, they validated a pair of pressure insoles in shoes to detect walking problems in patients with PD [112]. | Accelerometer 3D and pressure insoles | Yes |
| Parkinson | Armband | Propose a wearable device for the diagnosis of motor affections such as rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia in patients with PD [113]. | Sensor system composed of a force sensor, three inertial measurement units (IMUs), and four custom mechanomyography (MMG) sensors | Yes |
| Parkinson | Bracelet and Belt (2021) | Evaluate the data obtained from a group of patients with PD by means of wearable sensors to quantify the severity of symptoms in the extremities of the patients [114]. | Accelerometer | Yes |
| Parkinson | Wrist (2020) | Validate a mechatronic wearable device that seeks to mitigate wrist stiffness in patients affected by PD [115]. | One actuated joint and four passive revolute joints with a high overall intrinsic back drivability. | Yes |
| Parkinson | Shoe accessory and Belt (2022) | Monitor and evaluate gait in patients with PD through a portable physiograph [116]. | Pressure sensors, electromyography (EMG) sensors, and accelerometers. | Yes |
| Parkinson | Device on the back (2022) |
Evaluate the performance of a device to monitor and improve postural alignment, balance, and gait in patients with PD [117]. | Device Up Right Go | Yes |
| Parkinson | Device on the neck and back (2019) |
Propose a method to estimate stooped posture through sensors (i.e., accelerometers) mounted on the patient’s neck or upper back [118]. | Accelerometer | Yes |
| Epileptic | Bracelet (2021) | Evaluate the performance of the bracelet in detecting seizures through algorithms implemented with ML using multisignal biosensors worn on the patient’s wrist and ankle [119]. | Wrist- and ankle-worn multisignal biosensors in conjunction with machine learning algorithms (MLAs) | No |
| Epileptic | Chest patch (2019) | Evaluate seizure detection through heart rate variability using a portable electrocardiography device [120]. | Portable Electrocardiogram (ECG) in conjunction with algorithms implemented in LabView | No |
| Epileptic | Wristband (2019) | Evaluate a portable system based on accelerometry to detect tonic–clonic seizures [121]. | Inertial sensors | No |
| Epileptic | Bracelet (2022) | Propose an automated method based on machine learning to classify seizures [122]. | Accelerometer and gyroscope | Yes |
| Epileptic | Bracelet (2022) | Develop a system to detect seizures (epileptic / non-epileptic) using wearable sensors [123]. | Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and ECG |
Yes |
| Epileptic | Electrodes (2022) | Monitor patients with epilepsy disease to propose effective strategies for seizure detection [124]. | EEG, ECG, and accelerometer |
Yes |
| Epileptic | Wrist-Worn (2018) |
Develop a wireless monitoring system (with an accelerometer as a sensor) worn on the patient’s wrist for seizure detection [125]. | Accelerometer | Yes |
| Epileptic | Wrist and ankle Bracelet (2022) |
Investigate the effects of anticonvulsant medications monitored by a wearable device in patients with epilepsy [126]. | Body temperature sensor, optical, infrared sensors, and a 3D accelerometer and gyroscope. | Yes |
| Epileptic | Diadem (2022) | Evaluate the accuracy of absence seizure detection using an electroencephalographic wearable device [127]. | EEG | No |
| Epileptic | Wrist-Worn and Electrodes (2017) |
Develop a wearable system that detects seizures and alerts patient caregivers [128]. | EEG, gyroscope, 3D accelerometer, optical, infrared sensors, and body temperature. | No |
| Alzheimer | Ankle Bracelet (2018) |
Evaluate an algorithm to monitor and record gait movements in patients with AD [129]. | Accelerometer and gyroscope |
No |
| Alzheimer | Electrodes (2022) |
Develop and evaluate a multiclass classification system for AD based on a commercial EEG acquisition system that uses sixteen channels [130]. | EEG | No |
| Alzheimer | Wrist and ankle Bracelet (2019) |
Review wearable devices that monitor and control posture and gait in patients with dementia [131]. | Accelerometer and gyroscope | No |
| Alzheimer | Video camera (2018) |
Develop a platform to support patients suffering from impaired facial perception with an assistive intelligence device [132]. | Algorithm- Facial Perception Model | No |
| Alzheimer | Wrist band (2015) |
They developed a localization band targeted at people suffering from memory diseases [133]. | GPS and global system for mobile (GSM) communication | Yes |
| Alzheimer | Wrist band (2018) |
Determine whether characteristics extracted from arterial pulse waves (PWs) measured by wearable sensors could be useful for stratifying patients at risk of AD [134]. | Photoplethysmography (PPG) | No |
| Alzheimer | Feet mounted (2014) |
Develop gait and balance analysis algorithms for the diagnosis of patients with AD [135]. | Inertial sensor | No |
| Alzheimer | Belt (2016) |
Investigate ML classifiers applied in postural control in patients with AD [136]. | Multiple Layer Perceptrons (MLPs), accelerometer, and gyroscope |
No |