Table 1.
Effects of the source and structural features of mushroom polysaccharide on the regulation of gut microbiota.
| Source | Fractions and Structural Features | Gut Microbiota Modulation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| G. frondosa | GFP: 1.82 × 104 Da; Man/Rha/GlcA/GalA/Glc/Gal/Fuc=25.49/5.18/9.49/7.30/27.59/15.02/9.92 |
Alistipes↑ Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Aerococcus↓ |
[20] |
| Inonotus obliquus | IOP: 3.25 × 104 Da; Man/Rha/Glc/Gal/Xyl/Ara=9.80/13.60/29.10/20.50/21.60/5.40 |
Bacteroidetes, Prevotella and Lactobacillus↑ Alistipes, Incertae_Sedis, Helicobacter, Parabacteroides and Rikenella↓ |
[25] |
| L. edodes | L2: 26 kDa; Glc/Gal/Ara=87.50/9.60/2.80 |
Proteobacteria, Bacteroides acidifaciens, Alistipes and Helicobacter suncus↑ Bacilli, Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillaceae and Alcaligenaceae↓ |
[27,36,37] |
| Ramaria flava | DRFP: 1.02 × 105 Da; Glc/Gal/Man/Fuc/Xyl/Rha/Ara/GlcA=40.61/26.97/17.72/7.78/6.31/0.11/0.06/0.44 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus↑ | [38] |
| H. erinaceus | HEP-30: 8.23 × 105 Da; Fuc/Man/Glc/Gal=0.30/1.30/9.80/0.30; HEP-50: 1.67 × 104 Da; Fuc/Man/Glc/Gal=1.70/0.50/10.60/10.40; HEP-70: 4.77 × 103 Da; Fuc/Man/Glc/Gal=1.20/1.30/23.70/0.30 |
Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Butyricicoccus and Lactobacillus↑ Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella and Enterobacter↓ |
[39] |
| Helvella leucopus | p-HLP: 3.91 × 109 Da; Man/Glc/Rha/Gal=43.68/38.16/9.34/4.35 |
Verrumicrobiota, Lactobacillus and Proteobacteria↑ Lachnospiraceae genera, Lachonospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lachnospiraceae_unclassified↓ |
[40] |
| L. edodes | (1, 3)/(1, 6)-β-glucan | Clostridiales, class Clostridia, family Lachnospiraceae and family Ruminococcaceae↑ | [41] |
| Morchella esculenta | MEP: Man/Glc/Gal/Ara=1.00/14.10/0.61/1.56 |
Lactobacillus and Firmicutes↑ Actinobacteria, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides and Facklamia↓ |
[42] |
| P. eryngii | PEP: Man/Rib/Glc/Gal/Ara/Fuc=9.43/0.43/78.32/8.47/3.05/0.30 |
Firmicutes↑ Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes↓ |
[43] |
| Sparassis crispa | SCP-1: 1.36 × 104 Da; Glu/Gal/Fuc/Man=52.10/31.10/15.04/1.76; MC: (1→6)-α-D-Galp, (1→6)-β-D-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-Glcp, (1→2,6)-α-D-Galp and (1→3,6)-β-D-Glcp; SC: (1→6)-2-OMe-α-D-Galp, (1→4)-β-D-Glcp, (1→3)-β-D-Glcp |
Prevotella 9, Dialister, Megamonas and Megasphaera ↑ Escherichia/Shigella↓ |
[44,45] |
| Tremella fuciformis | TPs: 2.89 × 105 Da; Man/Rib/Rha/GlcA/Glc/Gal/Xyl/Ara/Fuc=43.68/0.19/0.21/12.93/1.00/0.79/14.40/0.89/11.25; MC: (1→3)-α-D-Manp; SC: D-Xyl, D-Man, L-Fuc, D-GlcA |
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus↑ Ruminococcaceae and Helicobacter↓ |
[46] |
| Lyophyllum decastes | LDP1-1: 5.02 × 105 Da; Man/Glc/Gal/Fuc=1.00/2.38/2.58/0.73; DB: 45.90%; 1,3-Fucp, T-Galp, 1,4-Glup, 1,6-Glup, 1,6-Galp, 1,2,6-Manp LDP1-2: 1.13 × 106 Da; Man/Glc/Gal/Fuc=1.00/2.33/2.51/0.78; DB: 43.51%; 1,3-Fucp, T-Galp, 1,4-Glup, 1,6-Glup, 1,6-Galp, 1,2,6-Manp |
Bacteroides intestinalis and Lactobacillus johnsonii↑ | [47] |
| G. lucidum | GLP: 1.33 × 105 Da; Glc/Gal/Man/Fuc/Xyl/GlcA=58.97/17.54/8.63/2.79/2.02/6.77 | Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides uniformis↑ | [48] |
| Pleurotus abieticola | PAPS1: 1.72 × 104 Da; Fuc/Gal/Glc/Man=1.73/49.66/12.00/36.60; MC: →2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ and →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→; SC: β-D-Manp-(1→ and β-D-Manp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ | Prevotella, Alistipes, Coprococcus and Oscillospira↑ | [49] |
| Wild morels | MP: 3.97 × 106 Da; Man/Glc/Gal/Rha=43.15/19.56/ 20.25 /1.00 |
Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae↑ Lactobacillus↓ |
[50] |
| G. lucidum | GLP: 1.37 × 104 Da; Man/Glc/Gal/Rha/Ara=3.16/16.17/3.74/1.65/1.00 |
Parabacteroides, Adlecreuzia, Rothia and Bacteroides↑ Proteus, Corynebacterium, Proteus, Ruminococcus and Coprococcus↓ |
[51] |
|
Auricularia auricular- judae (Bull.) |
AAP: Rha/Man/Glc=1.46/2.34/0.63 | Ruminococcus↓ | [52] |
| Dictyophora indusiata | DIP: Glc/Man/Gal=59.84/23.55/12.95 | Firmicutes, Clostridia and Bacilli↓ | [53] |
| Flammuliana velutipes | FVP1: 5.48 × 104 Da; Glc/Man/Gal=56.20/29.70/14.10 | Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidales family S24-7 and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes↑ | [54] |
| L. edodes | LESDF-3: β-D-Arap-(1→, →3)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, and →2,4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ | Parasutterella, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Lachnospira↑ | [55] |
| F. velutipes | FVP: 7.47 × 106 Da (48.09%) and 1.51 × 104 Da (51.91%); Man/Glc/Xyl/Ara/Fuc | Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella, Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium↑ | [56] |
| Dictyophora indusiata | DIP: Glc/Man/Gal=59.84/23.55/12.95 |
Lactobacillus↑ Gammaproteobacteria↓ |
[57] |
| Auricularia auricular | AAP: 3.65 × 105 Da; GlcA/Glc/Xyl/Ara/Fuc=7.60/44.20/7.00/35.80/4.50 |
Bacteroidetes and Porphyromonadaceae↑ Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae↓ |
[58] |
| G. frondosa | GFP: 1.82 × 104 Da |
Helicobater, Intestinimonas, Barnesiella, Defluviitalea, Ruminococcus, Flavonifractor and Paraprevotella↑ Clostridium-XVIII, Butyricicoccus and Turicibacter↓ |
[59] |
| G. frondosa | GFP-N: 1.26 × 107 Da; Ara/Man/Glc=3.79/1.00/49.70; →2,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→4, α-L-Araf-C1→, and →3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ | Akkermansia, Lactobacillus and Turicibacter↑ | [60] |
| Dictyophora indusiata | DIP: Glc/Man/Gal=59.84/23.55/12.95 |
Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococaceae↑ Enterococcus, Bacteroides and Proteobacteria↓ |
[61] |
| H. erinaceus | HECP: 8.67 × 104 Da; Glc/Gal/Ara/Xyl/Rha/Man=76.71/14.26/4.04/2.57/1.32/1.14 |
Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria↑ Bacteroidetes↓ |
[62] |
Note: ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; MC, main chain; SC: side chain; Ara, arabinose; Fuc, fucose; Gal, galactose; GalA, galactonic acid; Glc, glucose; GlcA, gluconic acid; Man, mannose; Ref: reference; Rib, ribose; Xyl, xylose.