Table 3.
The modulation of the gut microbiota in immunological diseases by mushroom polysaccharides.
| Disease | Mushroom | Model | Gut Microbiota Regulation | Effects on Hosts & Functional Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic pancreatitis | Inonotus obliquus | DDC-induced ICR mice |
Bacteroidetes↑ Firmicutes↓ |
Increased GSH-PX and TAOC levels, and decreased TNF-α, TGF-β, lipase and trypsin levels; reduced the gut microbiota diversity and richness. | [25] |
| Colitis | G. lucidum | DSS-induced Wistar rats | Ruminococcus_1, Pasteurella, Fusicatenibacter, Enterorhabdus, Marvinbryantia, Erysipelatoclostridium and Anaerofilum↑ | Regulated 11 genes, including six upregulated (Ccl5, Cd3e, Cd8a, Il21r, Lck, and Trbv) and five downregulated (Ccl3, Gro, Il11, Mhc2, and Ptgs) genes; lowered the DAI. | [29] |
| Colonic injury | Helvella leucopus | DSS-induced C57BL/6 mice |
Verrumicrobiota, Lactobacillus and Proteobacteria↑ Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lachnospiraceae_unclassified↓ |
Downregulated IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2, iNOS; upregulated IL-10. | [40] |
| Colitis | Flammuliana velutipe | DSS-induced SD rats | Ruminal butyrivibrios, Roseburia and Bacteroidales family S24-7↑ | Down-regulated inflammatory signal pathways of TLR4\NF-κB; promoted the SCFAs. | [54] |
| Colitis | Dictyophora indusiata | DSS-induced BALB/c mice |
Lactobacillus↑ Gammaproteobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides and Enterobacteriaceae↓ |
Dephosphorylated NF-κB and MAPK; inhibited the level of iNOS, COX-2; reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-6. | [57] |
| Chronic pancreatitis | G. lucidum | DDC-induced ICR mice |
Lactobacillales, Lachnospiraceae and Roseburia↑ Prevotella, S24-7, Bacteroides and Helicobacter↓ |
Decreased lipase, AMS, IFN-γ and TNF-α level, increased SOD and TOAC; altered the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota. | [160] |
| Colitis | G. lucidum | AOM/DSS- induced mice |
Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium↑ Oscillibacter, Desulfovibrio, Alistipes and Lachnoclostridium↓ |
Downregulated IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 expressions; improved gut barrier function; inhibited TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. | [161] |
| Colitis | Lentinan | LPS-induced Juvenile taimen |
Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Brevinema↑ Proteobacteria, Myroides, Klebsiella, Raoultella and Fusobacteria↓ |
Increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, and inhibited the lipid peroxidation; increased the expression levels of TGF-β, TNF-α, IL1β, IL6 and IL8; modified intestinal microbiota. | [162] |
| Colitis | H. erinaceus | TNBS-induced SD rats |
Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Lactobacillus↑ Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Ruminococcus and Dorea↓ |
Improved the levels of IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-γ, TNF-α, VGEF and M-CSF; improved the expression of NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-10. | [163] |
| Colitis | Auricularia polytricha and F. velutipes | DSS-induced ICR mice | Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae↑ | Improved the unbalanced Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratio; inhibited the NF-κB and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways and stimulated the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways. | [164] |
| Antibiotic-associated diarrhea | Antrodia cinnamomea | ICR mice |
Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Osllospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae↑ Enterococcus↓ |
Reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-6. | [165] |
| Colitis | P. eryngii | DSS-induced ICR mice |
Adlercreutzia, Akkermanisa, Lactobacillu, Anaerostipes and Allobaculum↑ Turicibacter, Dorea, rc4-4, Bacteroides and Prvotella↓ |
Reduced the level of IL-1β and IL-17. | [166] |
Note: ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; AMS, antimacrophage serum; AOM, azoxymethane; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; DAI, DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors; DDC, Dideoxycytosine; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium salt; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-2, interleukin-2; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-17, interleukin-17; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Keap 1, kelch-1ike ECH-associated protein l; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Ref, reference; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAOC, total antioxidant capacity; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNF-γ, tumor necrosis factor-γ; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.