Table 3.
Augmented reality–assisted implant navigation systems reported in the included study.
| Study | ARa image display device | Optical tracking device | Computer and software |
| Wanschitz et al [39] | Varioscope AR is developing a system based on the Varioscope AF3 (Life Optics) | Optical tracking system (flash point 5000; Image Guided Technologies Inc) | The control computer for the HMDb is a commercial PC with an Intel Pentium III 933-MHz processor. The displays of the Varioscope AR are driven by an ASUS 7100 GeForce 2 dual-head graphics board; the control software was developed using GCC 2.71 (Free Software Foundation) under SuSE Linux 7.1 (SuSE GmbH) |
| Yamaguchi et al [42] | Data glass 2 (SHIMAZU Inc) | Micron Tracker2 Sx60 (Claron Technology Inc) | ThinkPad X32 (IBM Inc) |
| Tran et al [43] | A half-silvered mirror is attached to the IVc display device (NRd) | Optical tracking device (NR) | CPU: Pentium core 2 Duo, 2.4 GHz GPU: NVIDIA Quadro Plex model 4 (Quadro FX 5600 × 2); elemental IV image size: 1024 × 768 pixels |
| Yamaguchi [20] | Retinal Imaging Display (Prototype; Brother Industries, Ltd) | Optical tracker (Micron tracker 2 Sx60; Claron Technology Inc) | A laptop computer (Thinkpad X32, IBM) and a least median square method and an algorithm developed by the authors. |
| Vigh et al [44] | HMD nVisor SX60 (NVIS) | Polaris (Northern Digital Inc) | NR |
| Katić et al [40] | HMD (NR) | Polaris (Northern Digital Inc) | NR |
| Lin et al [46] | 1280 × 720 resolution HMD (Sony HMZ-T1 personal 3D viewer) | Not required | A laptop computer with an Intel Core i7-2760QM 2.4 GHz (Intel Company). |
| Jiang et al [47] | Not required | Polaris (Northern Digital Inc) | The software developed by the Visualization Toolkit |
| Matsuo et al [37] | A head-mounted image processor unit (HMS-3000MT; Sony Corp) | NR | NR |
| Ma et al [21] | An IV overlay device includes a 9.7-in 3D display with a resolution of 1536 × 2048 pixels, which is covered by a microlens array with a lens pitch of 1.016 mm and a focal length of 3.0 mm (NR) | Polaris (Northern Digital Inc) | The computer was equipped with a high-performance GPU (GTX950, Nvidia Corp) |
| Pellegrino et al [22] | Virtual reality glasses (HoloLens, Microsoft) | Navigation system ImplaNav (BresMedical) | A dedicated software created by Fifthingenium |
| Wang et al [38] | Not required | A customized stereo camera is built to track the patient’s teeth (shape tracking; NR) | Digital scenes can be rendered and mixed with the camera’s stereo views using OpenGL APIs for AR surgical navigation (NR) |
| Shrestha et al [23] | NR | NR | The proposed system is implemented by using MATLAB R2019a; for the experiment, a system configured with Intel Core i5-3337U CPU@2.4 GHz and 4.00-GB RAM was used |
| Kivovics et al [45] | Head-mounted virtual retinal display (Magic Leap One, Magic Leap Inc) | Not required | Innooral (Innooral System, Innoimplant Ltd), MagicLeap The Lab (Magic Leap One, Magic Leap Inc), Net 4.6 (Microsoft Corp), and Microsoft Windows 10 (Microsoft Corp) operating system |
| Ochandiano et al [41] | IPhone 6 (Apple Inc) with a customized AR smartphone app (NR) | Polaris (Northern Digital Inc) | A customized AR smartphone apps was developed to project the patients’ digital models onto the real-world image (NR) |
aAR: augmented reality.
bHMD: head-mounted display.
cIV: integral videography.
dNR: not reported.