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. 2023 Jan 3;25:e39128. doi: 10.2196/39128

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study Country Design Sample size, n Ta/Cb, n Intervention Control Time interval Outcome measures and their values (T/C), mean (SD)
Borjalilu et al [25] Iran Quasi-experimental study 48 28/20 Applied the “Aramgar” stress management app Face-to-face therapy only 6 weeks

  • Depression: 12.22 (5.34)/9.45 (5.67)

  • Stress: 11.23 (4.34)/10.61 (4.73)

  • Anxiety: 11.43 (4.57)/10.34 (4.34)
Champion et al [37] United States RCTc 74 38/36 The self-guided mindfulness meditation app “Headspace” Waitlist control 30 days

  • Resilience: 76.97 (10.53)/76.39 (11.92)
Huberty et al [23] United States RCT 88 41/47 The “Calm” smartphone app Waitlist control 8 weeks

  • Stress: 16.15 (6.16)/20.02 (6.16)

  • Mindfulness: 129.20 (18.32)/111.07 (18.31)
Lee and Jung [38] Canada RCT 163 77/86 The “DeStressify” app Waitlist control 8 weeks

  • Stress: 17.8 (6.2)/19.8 (6.7)

  • Anxiety: 40.1 (12.1)/43.4 (13.2)

  • Depression: 6.4 (3.9)/7.4 (4.7)
Noone and Hogan [39] Ireland RCT 91 43/48 The “Headspace” app Sham meditation group 6 weeks

  • Well-being: 50.28 (6.91)/49.98 (6.58)
Orosa-Duarte et al [26] Spain RCT 61 31/30 The “REM Volver a casa” (Mindfulness-Based Emotion Regulation. Going Home”) app Did not receive any intervention 8 weeks

  • Anxiety: 20.48 (12.51)/26.77 (12.57)

  • Mindfulness: 140.35 (20.44)/123.70 (21.25)
Ponzo et al [40] United Kingdom RCT 116 55/61 The “BioBase” app Waitlist control 4 weeks

  • Anxiety: 46.31 (11.32)/51.33 (10.35)

  • Well-being: 42.15 (9.02)/40.51 (8.64)

  • Depression: 8.71 (4.45)/9.85 (5.38)
Raevuori et al [27] Finland RCT 124 63/61 The Meru Health Program via smartphone Treatment as usual 8 weeks

  • Depression: 9.89 (6.30)/8.57 (6.04)

  • Mindfulness: 73.19 (11.87)/72.59 (11.40)

  • Resilience: 81.82 (11.24)/82.32 (10.78)
Harrer et al [22] Germany RCT 105 40/65 An app-based intervention with feedback on demand (StudiCare Stress) Waitlist control 7 weeks

  • Stress: 7.43 (2.93)/9.49 (3.06)

  • Depression: 15.88 (8.85)/21.47 (8.96)

  • Well-being: 11.93 (5.03)/9.36 (4.35)

  • Resilience: 5.38 (1.85)/5.05 (1.97)
Yang et al [24] United States RCT 88 45/43 The “Headspace” app Waitlist control 30 days

  • Stress: 17.08 (6.02)/19.30 (s5.63)

  • Mindfulness: 25.69 (4.96)/24.35 (5.27)

  • Well-being: 77.10 (11.97)/71.38 (12.37)

aT: test group.

bC: control group.

cRCT: randomized controlled trial.