Table 1.
A summary of the studies that describe the effects, and important cargo molecules of tumor derived exosomes on the body.
| Secreting Cell Type | Cancer Type | Key Exosome Cargo | Target Cell | Biological Actions of Exosomes | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCGA Database lung cancer cells | Lung | ↓ miR101 | Macrophages | ↑ inflammation | [13] |
| BXPC-3 SW1990 |
Pancreatic | ↑ CircZNF91 | No Target | ↓ miR-23b-5p ↑ glycolysis ↑ chemotherapy resistance |
[26] |
| PANC-1 BXPC-3 |
Pancreatic | ↑ miR-301a-3p | Macrophages | ↑ M2 macrophage polarization ↑ tumor migration/invasion |
[28] |
| HCT-8 LOVO |
Colorectal | ↑ miR-934 | Macrophages | ↑ M2 macrophage polarization ↑ metastasis |
[29] |
| RPMI8226 KMS-11 U266 |
Multiple Myeloma | ↑ miR-135b | ECM | ↓ FIH1 ↑ angiogenesis |
[32] |
| U373 | Glioblastoma multiforme | ↑ CRYAB | No Target | ↑ tumor cell apoptosis resistance | [37] |
| LLC | Lung | ↑ HSP70 ↑ HSP90 |
C2C12 myotubes/mouse muscle | ↑ myotube/muscle catabolism | [49] |
| Human Colon Tumors C26 |
Colorectal | ↑ miR-195a-5p ↑ miR125b-1-3p |
C2C12 myotubes/mouse muscle | ↑ myotube/muscle catabolism | [50] |
| LLC | Lung | No Specific Cargo | 3T3-L1 Adipocytes | ↑ lipolysis | [51] |
| CT26 LLC |
Colon Lung |
No Specific Cargo | C2C12 myotubes/mouse muscle | ↑ myotube/muscle catabolism | [52] |
| Human Colorectal Tumors | Colorectal | ↑ miR-21 | Muscle | ↑ psoas muscle wasting—prognostic indicator of survival | [55] |
| LLC | Lung | ↑ IL-6 | C2C12 myotubes 3T3-L1 adipocytes |
↑ myotube atrophy ↑ lipolysis ↑ STAT3 phosphorylation |
[59] |
| MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 T47D |
Breast | ↑ various proteins associated with tumor metastasis, formation, angiogenesis and immunotolerance | Multiple targets | Purposefully loaded exosome protein cargo varies by tumor type | [60] |
| EO771 | Breast | ↑ GP130 | Macrophages | ↑ M2 macrophage polarization ↑ tumor survival |
[64] |
| A172 HT1080 MDA-MB-231 SUM159 |
Glioma Fibrosarcoma Breast Breast |
↑ HSP90α | ECM | ↑ MMP2 activation ↑ tumor motility |
[68] |
| RENCA | Renal Cell Carcinoma | ↑ HSP70 | Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells | ↑ immune suppression | [70] |
| SCC7 SCC25 CAL27 |
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma | ↑ miR-181a-3p | C2C12 myotubes | ↑ muscle cell atrophy ↑ muscle cell apoptosis ↑ ER stress |
[75] |
| Human Breast Tumors | Breast | ↑ miR-155 | Adipose Muscle |
↑ PPARγ ↑ adipose browning |
[76] |
| Mouse Pancreatic Cancer Cells | Pancreatic | ↑ 9 miRs | C2C12 myo-tubes | ↓ insulin signaling | [79] |
| C26 | Colon | ↑ GDF15 | C2C12 cells | ↑ muscle atrophy ↑ apoptotic signaling |
[82] |
| Human Leukemia Cells | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | ↑ miR-92a-3p | Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells | ↓ adipogenesis ↓ CEBPα |
[91] |
| Human Gastric Tumors | Gastric | ↑ ciRS-133 | Adipose | ↓ miR-133 ↑ PRDM16 activation ↑ WAT browning |
[103] |
| Human Colorectal Tumors | Colorectal | ↑ miR-146b-5p | Primary white adipocytes | ↓ HOXC10 ↑ WAT browning |
[104] |
| A549 H1299 AGS |
Lung Lung Gastric |
↑ miR-425-3p | Human visceral preadipocytes and mature adipocytes | ↓ preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation ↑ adipocyte lipolysis |
[105] |
| LLC | Lung | ↑ PTHrP | 3T3-L1 adipocytes | ↑ lipolysis ↑ WAT browning |
[110] |
| Human Breast Tumors | Breast | ↑ miR-155 | C2C12 myotubes 3T3-L1 adipocytes |
↑ tumor invasiveness ↑ WAT browning ↓ PPARγ |
[116] |
| Human Gastric Tumors | Gastric | ↑ miR-410-3p | Primary human white adipocytes | ↓ IRS1 | [120] |