Table 3. ASQ-3 Communication, Gross Motor, and Fine Motor Outcomes at 1 and 3 Years Following Injurya,b.
| Characteristic | ASQ-3 score, mean (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communicationc | Gross motor | Fine motor | ||||
| 12 mo | 36 mo | 12 mo | 36 mo | 12 mo | 36 mo | |
| Injury group | ||||||
| Mild TBI | −1.6 (−4.8 to 1.6) | NC | −0.6 (−3.6 to 2.4) | NC | −2.3 (−6.5 to 1.9) | NC |
| cMild/moderate TBI | −0.8 (−4.0 to 2.5) | NC | −0.3 (−3.2 to 2.7) | NC | 0.8 (−3.5 to 5.0) | NC |
| Severe TBI | −8.8 (−13.8 to −3.8) | NC | −10.1 (−15.1 to −5.1) | NC | −4.7 (−11.4 to 1.9) | NC |
| Orthopedic injury | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Female | 1.7 (−0.9 to 4.2) | NC | 3.5 (1.4 to 5.5) | NC | 3.1 (0.02 to 6.2) | NC |
| Premature birth | −3.5 (−8.2 to 1.2) | NC | −4.4 (−8.0 to −0.9) | NC | −5.6 (−10.8 to −0.4) | NC |
| Age at injury/abuse | ||||||
| < 1 y, Abuse | −15.4 (−25.0 to −5.8) | −12.3 (−23.5 to −1.1) | −9.0 (−18.4 to 0.3) | −6.3 (−16.3 to 3.7) | −0.7 (−10.0 to 8.6) | −22.0 (−32.6 to −11.3) |
| < 1 y, No abuse | −1.4 (−6.2 to 3.4) | −0.1 (−3.9 to 3.7) | 1.7 (−1.4 to 4.8) | 1.0 (−1.7 to 3.6) | 8.1 (3.2 to 13.1) | −7.1 (−12.2 to −2.0) |
| > 1 y | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] | [Reference] |
| Family function (1-point increase) | 1.1 (−2.0 to 4.2) | NC | −0.8 (−3.2 to 1.6) | NC | −0.3 (−4.0 to 3.4) | NC |
| Social Capital Index (1-point increase) | 1.5 (0.3 to 2.7) | NC | −0.5 (−1.7 to 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.3) | 1.3 (−0.1 to 2.7) | NC |
Abbreviations: ASQ-3, Ages & Stages Questionnaire-3; cMild, complicated mild; NC, no change in the estimate from 12 to 36 months; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
Model estimates reflect estimated mean differences between the specified subgroup and the reference group for categorical variables. Model estimates for family function and social capital reflect the mean change in outcomes for a 1-point increase in the score.
Model estimates that differ across time points (eg, age at injury/abuse) reflect results that varied over time due to an interaction between the main outcome and time. Those that are constant across time (eg, injury group) reflect no interaction between the main outcome and time. The eAppendix in Supplement 1 provides details on main outcomes and interactions with time included in each outcome model.
Example interpretation for ASQ-3 Communication: children with severe TBI scored a mean of −8.8 points lower than children with orthopedic injury at 12 and 36 months following injury. Child sex and premature birth were not statistically significant. There was an interaction with time and age at injury/abuse. Abused children younger than 1 year at the time of abuse had an additional decrement of 15.4 points at 12 months and 12.3 points at 36 months compared with children who were 1 year or older. Family function was not statistically important to the model.