Table 2. The Association of Parental Astigmatism and the Other Factors Associated with Risk for Child Astigmatism by Univariate Regression Models in 5708 Trios.

Factor	OR (95% CI)a	P value
Child refractive astigmatism
Refractive astigmatism, D
Maternal	0.74 (0.69-0.81)	<.001
Paternal	0.82 (0.76-0.88)	<.001
Child’s age, y	0.97 (0.90-1.04)	.37
Female sex	0.87 (0.77-0.99)	.03
Child’s spherical equivalent, D	0.87 (0.84-0.91)	<.001
Outdoor time, h/d	0.93 (0.80-1.07)	.30
Near work , D h/d	1.00 (0.98-1.03)	.79
Family income per month,<HK $20 000 as reference	0.96 (0.81-1.14)	.67
Postsecondary education level, without postsecondary as reference
Mother	0.98 (0.85-1.13)	.75
Father	0.90 (0.78-1.04)	.14
Child corneal astigmatism
Corneal astigmatism, D
Maternal	1.75 (1.60-1.91)	<.001
Paternal	1.29 (1.20-1.40)	<.001
Child’s age, y	0.94 (0.89-1.00)	.06
Female sex	1.19 (1.07-1.32)	.002
Child’s axial length, mm	0.76 (0.71-0.80)	<.001
Outdoor time, h/d	0.88 (0.78-1.00)	.05
Near work, D h/d	1.01 (0.99-1.04)	.37
Family income per month,<HK $20 000 as reference	1.11 (0.96-1.29)	.16
Postsecondary education level, without postsecondary as reference
Mother	0.90 (0.80-1.02)	.11
Father	0.87 (0.77-0.98)	.03

Abbreviations: h/d, hours per day; OR, odds ratio.

^a OR was estimated by univariate logistic regression model.