Table 5. The Association of Parental Astigmatism on Child Astigmatism in 5708 Trios.
| Parental refractive astigmatism status | Result (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Child refractive astigmatism, ORb | ||
| No astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| No astigmatism plus mild astigmatismc | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | .78 |
| Mild astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.62 (1.15 to 2.26) | .01 |
| High astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1.55 (1.19 to 2.01) | .001 |
| High astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 2.22 (1.52 to 3.24) | <.001 |
| High astigmatism plus high astigmatism | 3.10 (1.34 to 7.21) | .01 |
| Child refractive astigmatism, estimated mean Db | ||
| No astigmatism plus no astigmatism | −0.67 (−0.71 to −0.63) | NA |
| No astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | −0.72 (−0.76 to −0.67) | NA |
| Mild astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | −0.80 (−0.90 to −0.71) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus no astigmatism | −0.82 (−0.89 to −0.75) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | −0.95 (−1.06 to −0.83) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus high astigmatism | −1.08 (−1.34 to −0.81) | NA |
| P value for trendd | NA | <.001 |
| Child corneal astigmatism, ORa,e | ||
| No astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| No astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.47 (1.23 to 1.75) | <.001 |
| Mild astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.94 (1.50 to 2.50) | <.001 |
| High astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1.87 (1.43 to 2.44) | <.001 |
| High astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 4.20 (2.90 to 6.08) | <.001 |
| High astigmatism plus high astigmatism | 4.31 (1.76 to 10.55) | .001 |
| Child corneal astigmatism, estimated mean De | ||
| No astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.15) | NA |
| No astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.21 (1.16 to 1.25) | NA |
| Mild astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus no astigmatism | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.49) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus mild astigmatism | 1.62 (1.53 to 1.71) | NA |
| High astigmatism plus high astigmatism | 1.68 (1.46 to 1.90) | NA |
| P value for trendd | NA | <.001 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
OR was estimated by multiple logistic regression model.
b
Age, sex, child’s spherical equivalent, outdoor time, near work, family income, and parental education level were adjusted in refractive astigmatism model.
c
This group contained trios of mothers without astigmatism plus fathers with mild astigmatism, as well as trios of fathers without astigmatism plus mothers with mild astigmatism. The same is applied to all 6 groups.
d
P value for trend of parental association was estimated by univariate analysis.
e
Age, sex, child’s axial length, outdoor time, near work, family income, and parental education level were adjusted in corneal astigmatism model.