Table 2. Characteristics of Propensity Score–Matched Patients.
| Characteristic | Median (IQR) | P value | SMDa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 112) | REBOA zone 1 (n = 56) | Resuscitative thoracotomy (n = 56) | |||
| Facility annual patient volume, No. (%) | |||||
| 1000-2000 | 8 (7.1) | 4 (7.1) | 4 (7.1) | <.99 | 0 |
| >2000-3000 | 12 (10.7) | 6 (10.7) | 6 (10.7) | 0 | |
| >3000 | 92 (82.1) | 46 (82.1) | 46 (82.1) | 0 | |
| Age, y | 37.5 (27.0 to 52.5) | 40.0 (27.0 to 57.0) | 35.5 (26.5 to 51.5) | .42 | 2.0 |
| Male sex | 87 (77.7) | 44 (78.6) | 43 (76.8) | .82 | 4.3 |
| BMIb | 26.0 (24.2 to 30.0) | 26.1 (24.3 to 30.4) | 25.9 (24.1 to 29.3) | .65 | −0.4 |
| Injury characteristics, No. (%) | |||||
| Blunt mechanism | 76 (67.9) | 41 (73.2) | 35 (62.5) | .22 | 23.1 |
| Injury Severity Score | 29.0 (17.5 to 41.0) | 28.0 (19.5 to 39.5) | 30.0 (17.5 to 41.0) | <.99 | 0 |
| Head AIS | 0 (0 to 3.0) | 0 (0 to 3.0) | 0 (0 to 3.0) | .91 | 0 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 37 (33.0) | 18 (32.1) | 19 (33.9) | .84 | 3.8 |
| Chest AIS | 3.0 (0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (0 to 4.0) | .90 | 0 |
| Severe chest injury | 65 (58.0) | 34 (60.7) | 31 (55.4) | .57 | 10.8 |
| Abdomen AIS | 2.5 (0 to 4.0) | 2.0 (0 to 4.0) | 3.0 (0 to 4.0) | .67 | 0 |
| Severe abdomen injury | 56 (50.0) | 27 (48.2) | 29 (51.8) | .71 | 7.2 |
| Pelvis AIS | 0 | 0 | 0 | .70 | 0 |
| Severe pelvic injury | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | <.99 | 0 |
| Extremity AIS | 0 | 0 | 0 | .78 | 0 |
| Severe extremity injury | 7 (6.3) | 3 (5.4) | 4 (7.1) | .70 | 7.0 |
| Prehospital | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 82.0 (0 to 128.0) | 86.0 (27.0 to 132.0) | 80.0 (0 to 110.0) | .35 | −7.0 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 96.5 (70.0 to 130.0) | 95.0 (68.0 to 137.0) | 96.5 (72.0 to 121.0) | .66 | −3.0 |
| GCS | 3.0 (3.0 to 10.0) | 3.5 (3.0 to 10.5) | 3.0 (3.0 to 9.0) | .24 | 0 |
| CPR, No. (%) | 37 (33.0) | 18 (32.1) | 19 (33.9) | .84 | 3.8 |
| Minutes from injury to ED | 48.0 (28.0 to 70.0) | 50.0 (28.0 to 75.0) | 46.0 (27.0 to 65.0) | .52 | −3.0 |
| Hospital admission | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 66.5 (0 to 105.0) | 61.0 (0 to 105.5) | 69.0 (0 to 101.5) | .98 | 0 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 88.0 (0 to 114.0) | 95.0 (0 to 123.5) | 82.0 (0 to 105.0) | .19 | −7.0 |
| GCS | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | .75 | 0 |
| CPR, No. (%) | 38 (33.9) | 19 (33.9) | 19 (33.9) | <.99 | 0 |
| CPR duration <60 min, No. (%) | 29 (27.9) | 16 (30.2) | 13 (25.5) | .53 | 10.5 |
| Hospital admission laboratory tests | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.2 (8.9 to 12.8) | 11.8 (9.0 to 13.1) | 10.7 (8.4 to 12.6) | .26 | −0.8 |
| Prothrombin INR | 1.6 (1.4 to 2.2) | 1.6 (1.4 to 2.2) | 1.6 (1.4 to 2.1) | .78 | 0 |
| Base deficit, mEq/L | −12.0 (−20.0 to −9.0) | −12.0 (−16.0 to −8.0) | −12.5 (−24.0 to −10.0) | .20 | −3.0 |
| AO characteristics, No. (%) | |||||
| CPR during AO | 62 (55.4) | 31 (55.4) | 31 (55.4) | <.99 | 0 |
| AO initial SBP, mm Hg | 0 (0 to 51.0) | 0 (0 to 53.5) | 0 | .05 | 0 |
| AO initial SBP <60 mm Hg | 19 (17.0) | 8 (14.3) | 11 (19.6) | .45 | 14.2 |
| AO initial GCS | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | <.99 | 0 |
| AO performer = trauma surgeon | 84 (75.0) | 40 (71.4) | 44 (78.6) | .38 | 16.7 |
| Hemodynamic improvement | 67 (59.8) | 38 (67.9) | 29 (51.8) | .08 | 33.3 |
| Hemodynamic stabilityc | 37 (33.0) | 22 (39.3) | 15 (26.8) | .16 | 26.8 |
| SBP post first AO, mm Hg | 64.0 (0 to 110.0) | 90.0 (0.0 to 115.0) | 0 (0 to 98.0) | .02 | −20.0 |
| GCS post first AO | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | 3.0 (3.0 to 3.0) | .34 | 0 |
| First AO duration, min | 26.0 (11.0 to 45.0) | 28.0 (11.0 to 41.0) | 20.0 (11.0 to 45.0) | .68 | −1.5 |
| Second AO needed | 8 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | 4 (7.7) | <.99 | 0 |
| Second AO type | |||||
| Endovascular | 5 (62.5) | 2 (50.0) | 3 (75.0) | .47 | 53.5 |
| Open | 3 (37.5) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 53.5 | |
| Minutes to start first AO | 11.0 (4.0 to 21.0) | 14.0 (6.0 to 24.0) | 8.0 (4.0 to 16.0) | .01 | 5.0 |
| Minutes to successful first AO | 17.0 (11.0 to 26.0) | 21.0 (13.5 to 30.0) | 12.0 (8.0 to 19.0) | <.001 | −8.0 |
| Transfusions, fluids, inotropes, and TXA in the first 24 h | |||||
| Red blood cell units | 9.0 (4.0 to 22.5) | 9.5 (4.0 to 23.0) | 8.5 (4.0 to 22.0) | .89 | 0 |
| Plasma units | 6.0 (2.0 to 18.0) | 5.0 (3.0 to 19.0) | 6.0 (2.0 to 17.5) | .99 | 0 |
| Platelets units | 1.0 (0 to 5.0) | 1.0 (0.0 to 3.5) | 1.0 (0 to 6.0) | .31 | 0 |
| Cryoprecipitate units | 0 | 0 | 0 | .42 | 0 |
| TXA, No. (%) | 25 (24.0) | 13 (25.5) | 12 (22.6) | .73 | 6.8 |
| Complications and outcomes, No. (%) | |||||
| Acute kidney injury | 11 (9.8) | 6 (10.7) | 5 (8.9) | .75 | 6.1 |
| Acute lung injury | 7 (6.3) | 3 (5.4) | 4 (7.1) | .70 | 7.0 |
| Pneumonia | 6 (5.4) | 3 (5.4) | 3 (5.4) | <.99 | 0 |
| Sepsis | 4 (3.6) | 3 (5.4) | 1 (1.8) | .31 | 19.4 |
| Stroke | 2 (1.8) | 0 | 2 (3.6) | .15 | 346.0 |
| Multiple organ failure | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | <.99 | 0 |
| Spinal ischemia with neurodeficit | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 |
| Extremity ischemia | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | .32 | 380.1 |
| Amputation | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 |
| Ventilation days | 1.0 (0 to 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.0 (0 to 1.0) | .14 | 0 |
| VFD | 0 (0 to 0.0) | 0 | 0 | .07 | 0 |
| VFD >0 | 14 (12.7) | 10 (18.5) | 4 (7.1) | .07 | 34.6 |
| ICU days | 0 (0 to 1.5) | 1.0 (0 to 3.0) | 0 (0 to 1.0) | .01 | 0 |
| ICU-free days | 0 | 0 | 0 | .07 | 0 |
| ICU-free days >0 | 14 (12.6) | 10 (18.2) | 4 (7.1) | .08 | 33.9 |
| Discharge GCS (survivors only) | 15.0 (15.0 to 15.0) | 15.0 (15.0 to 15.0) | 15.0 (13.0 to 15.0) | .92 | 0 |
| Discharge GCS = 15 (survivors only) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (25.0) | .84 | 12.0 |
| Discharge GOS | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) | .29 | 0 |
| Discharge GOS ≥5 | 6 (5.6) | 4 (7.5) | 2 (3.6) | .38 | 17.1 |
| Discharge disposition | |||||
| Home | 9 (8.0) | 7 (12.5) | 2 (3.6) | .09 | 33.2 |
| Mortality | 96 (85.7) | 44 (78.6) | 52 (92.9) | 41.8 | |
| Rehab/nursing facility | 7 (6.3) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (3.6) | 22.0 | |
| Death | 96 (85.7) | 44 (78.6) | 52 (92.9) | .03 | 41.8 |
| Survival hours | 2.0 (1.0 to 48.0) | 6.0 (1.0 to 288.0) | 1.8 (1.0 to 4.0) | .02 | 1.0 |
| Death location | |||||
| NA | 16 (14.3) | 12 (21.4) | 4 (7.1) | .05 | 41.8 |
| Emergency department | 42 (43.8) | 21 (47.7) | 21 (40.4) | 14.7 | |
| ICU | 24 (25.0) | 15 (34.1) | 9 (17.3) | 39.2 | |
| Operating room | 29 (30.2) | 8 (18.2) | 21 (40.4) | 50.3 | |
Abbreviations: AIS, abbreviated injury score; AO, aortic occlusion; AORTA, Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery; BMI, body mass index; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Score; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference; TXA, tranexamic acid; VFD, ventilation-free days.
SI conversion factor: To convert hemoglobin from gram per deciliter to gram per liter, multiply by 10; to convert base excess from milliequivalent per liter to millimole per liter, multiply by 1; to convert lactate from millimole per liter to milligram per deciliter, divide by 0.111.
a
SMD ideal less than 0.20 for confounders.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
c
Defined for the purposes of the AORTA registry as systolic blood pressure consistently greater than 90 mm Hg for at least 5 minutes after AO.