TABLE 1.
Data extracted from included studies reporting prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in countries of the Arabian Peninsula
| First author | Publication date | Years of work | Area | Setting | Studied species | Diagnostic test | Sample size | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | ||||||||
| Al‐anazi | 2011 | 2010 | Riyadh | N.S. | Camels | Indirect fluorescent antibody test | 412 | 6.5% |
| Alanazi | 2013 | 2012–2013 | Riyadh | governmental slaughter‐houses | Camels | Indirect fluorescent antibody test | 1628 | 23.6% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Goat | Same | 1628 | 35.3% | |
| Same | Same | Same | same | Sheep | Same | 1628 | 36.4% | |
| Alanazi | 2011 | N.S. | Riyadh ‐ Al‐Janadriah | Farm | Horses | Standard Sabin‐Feldman dye test | 93 | 33.3% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 35 | 20.0% | |
| Same | Same | same | Same | Same | Same | 82 | 27.4% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 21 | 38% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 27 | 11.0% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 16 | 43.7% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 19 | 26.3% | |
| Mohammed | 2020 | N.S. | Riyadh, Hofuf, Tabuk, Jizan, Taif | Field | Camels | ELISA | 199 | 34.2% |
| Nasr | 2018 | 2013 | Qassim | Center of the Arabian Peninsula | Chicken | Direct agglutination test | 244 | 11.9% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | same | PCR | 29 | 100% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | same | Histopathological examination | 4 | 100% | |
| Mohammed | 2019 | N.S. | Riyadh | Field | Felids | ELISA | 100 | 39.0% |
| Same | Same | Same | Private pet clinic | Same | ELISA | 100 | 13.0% | |
| Ismael | 2016 | N.S. | Riyadh | Farm | Goat | ELISA | 357 | 15.4% |
| Elamin | 2014 | N.S. | Riyadh | Collected from different regions in Riyadh | Rats | ELISA | 200 | 13.5% |
| Hussein | 2011 | 2010 | Riyadh | Farm A | Sheep | ELISA | 168 | 88.8% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Indirect haemagglutination test | 168 | 92.3% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | ELISA | 52 | 80.8% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Indirect haemagglutination test | 52 | 84.6% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Farm B (King Saud University farm) | Same | ELISA | 60 | 3.3% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Indirect haemagglutination test | 60 | 3.3% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | ELISA | 11 | 45.4% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Indirect haemagglutination test | 11 | 36.4% | |
| Same | Same | Same | Farm A | Same | Histopathological examination | 5 | 40.0% | |
| United Arab Emirates | ||||||||
| Dubey | 2010 | 2008–2010 | Sharjah | Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife | Felids | Modified agglutination test (MAT) | 57 | 86.0% |
| Same | Same | Fox | Same | 32 | 62.5% | |||
| Same | Same | Hedgehog | Same | 10 | .0% | |||
| Same | Same | Wolf | Same | 8 | 62.5% | |||
| Same | Same | Jackal | Same | 8 | 75% | |||
| Same | Same | Stripped Hyena | Same | 6 | 50.0% | |||
| Same | Same | Mongoose | Same | 3 | 100% | |||
| Dubey | 2008 | 2006 | Sharjah | Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife | Fox | Modified agglutination test (MAT) | 12 | 58.3% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | latex agglutination test (LAT) | 12 | 33.3% | |
| Pas | 2008 | 2001,2003–2008 | N.S. | Field | Felids | Modified agglutination test (MAT) | 36 | 80.6% |
| Schuster | 2009 | 2004–2008 | Dubai | Field | Felids | Faecal sedimentation method | 240 | 0.8% |
| Kuwait | ||||||||
| Alazemi | 2014 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | Sheep | Indirect haemagglutination test | 528 | 17.8% |
| Abdou | 2013 | 2011–2012 | N.S. | Trapped from Different areas of Kuwait State | Felids | Indirect haemagglutination test | 240 | 19.6% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Direct faecal wet mount smears | 240 | 2.1% | |
| Qatar | ||||||||
| Dubey | 2010 | 2008–2010 | Doha | Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation | Felids | Modified agglutination test (MAT) | 21 | 71.4% |
| Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | Same | 6 | 100% | |
| Boughattas | 2017 | 2014–2015 | Multiple cities in Qatar | Field | Felids | ELISA | 495 | 82.0% |
Abbreviations: ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; N.S.: not specified; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.