. 2023 Jan 5;9(3):324–333. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.6296

Table 2. Association Between Practice Characteristics and Immunotherapy Adoption After US Food and Drug Administration Approval.

Characteristic	Practices with immunotherapy adoption, % (n = 1309)^a	Percentage point difference (95% CI)
Characteristic	Practices with immunotherapy adoption, % (n = 1309)^a	Unadjusted	Adjusted^b
Practice location
Rural	74	−15 (−20 to −10)	−11 (−16 to −6)
Urban	89	Reference	Reference
Practice affiliation
Independent	85	−11 (−15 to −7)	−6 (−9 to −3)
Nonacademic system	88	−9 (−11 to −7)	−9 (−11 to −6)
Academic system	97	Reference	Reference
Practice size
Small (1-5 physicians)	62	−29 (−33 to −25)	−27 (−32 to −22)
Large (≥6 physicians)	91	Reference	Reference

^{^a}

Percentages are weighted by the number of episodes at each practice in each time period.

^{^b}

This column contains estimates from a single regression model that includes the 3 key explanatory variables: rural practice location, system affiliation type, and small practice size. Estimates represent the mean difference in adoption rates across practice types in the years after US Food and Drug Administration approval. The model also adjusts for the mix of patients at each practice, including cancer type, age, sex, race and ethnicity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and median household income in the patient’s zip code of residence.