Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants Across the Prefrail and Frail Strata Within Each Treatment Arm.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehabilitation intervention | Attention control | |||||
| Prefrail | Frail | P value | Prefrail | Frail | P value | |
| Total, No. | 77 | 92 | NA | 68 | 100 | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 71.9 (8.1) | 73.9 (8.5) | .13 | 71.4 (7.1) | 73.1 (8.1) | .16 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 35 (45) | 49 (53) | .31 | 37 (54) | 60 (60) | .47 |
| Male | 42 (54) | 43 (47) | 31 (46) | 40 (40) | ||
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | .03 | 0 | 3 (3) | .80 |
| Asian | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | 2 (2) | ||
| Black | 42 (55) | 31 (34) | 33 (49) | 44 (44) | ||
| Hispanic | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (3) | ||
| Multiracial | 0 | 6 (7) | 2 (3) | 3 (3) | ||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| White | 33 (43) | 51 (55) | 33 (49) | 48 (48) | ||
| Body mass index, mean (SD)a | 32.1 (7.5) | 33.5 (8.9) | .27 | 33.0 (7.3) | 33.3 (9.9) | .81 |
| Ejection fraction ≥45% | 37 (48) | 53 (58) | .21 | 35 (51) | 56 (56) | .56 |
| NYHA class | ||||||
| II | 16 (21) | 15 (16) | .75 | 12 (18) | 19 (19) | .58 |
| III | 43 (56) | 54 (59) | 38 (56) | 48 (48) | ||
| IV | 18 (23) | 23 (25) | 18 (26) | 33 (33) | ||
| BNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 685 (383-1045) | 622 (462-1157) | .57 | 497 (276-739) | 631 (259-1350) | .52 |
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 3761 (2094-6507) | 3131 (1492-10 654) | .65 | 2180 (1425-4415) | 3248 (1395-5358) | .64 |
| Length of stay, median (IQR), d | 4 (3-6) | 5 (3-7) | .45 | 5 (3-7) | 5 (3-7) | .24 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Total comorbidities, mean (SD) | 5.0 (1.6) | 5.7 (2.4) | .05 | 4.7 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.9) | .03 |
| Hypertension | 71 (93) | 82 (89) | .50 | 63 (93) | 93 (93) | .93 |
| Myocardial infarction | 17 (22) | 12 (13) | .12 | 9 (13) | 22 (22) | .15 |
| Coronary revascularization | 25 (32) | 27 (29) | .66 | 15 (22) | 32 (32) | .16 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 31 (40) | 53 (58) | .03 | 33 (49) | 52 (52) | .66 |
| Diabetes | 44 (57) | 54 (59) | .84 | 32 (47) | 47 (47) | .99 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 51 (66) | 54 (59) | .31 | 47 (69) | 71 (71) | .79 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 18 (23) | 36 (39) | .03 | 12 (18) | 29 (29) | .09 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 24 (31) | 35 (38) | .35 | 15 (22) | 40 (40) | .02 |
| Stroke | 11 (14) | 14 (15) | .87 | 12 (18) | 14 (14) | .52 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 9 (12) | 18 (20) | .16 | 4 (6) | 9 (9) | .46 |
| Cancer | 13 (17) | 26 (28) | .08 | 11 (16) | 22 (22) | .35 |
| Geriatric conditions | ||||||
| Urinary incontinence, No./total No. (%)b | 4/61 (7) | 14/79 (18) | .04 | 7/57 (12) | 13/79 (16) | .50 |
| Fall in previous 3 mo, No./total No. (%)b | 10/61 (16) | 13/79 (16) | .99 | 8/58 (14) | 12/79 (15) | .82 |
| MoCA score <26 | 56 (73) | 78 (85) | .05 | 52 (76) | 80 (80) | .58 |
| GDS-15 score ≥5 | 34 (44) | 40 (43) | .93 | 16 (24) | 60 (60) | <.001 |
| Functional status/QOL measures at baseline, mean (SD) | ||||||
| SPPB score | 6.9 (2.7) | 5.0 (2.5) | <.001 | 7.1 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.3) | <.001 |
| Balance score | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.3) | .01 | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | .01 |
| 4-m Walk score | 2.8 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.9) | <.001 | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.0 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Chair rise score | 1.3 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.1) | .01 | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.0) | <.001 |
| 6-min Walk distance, m | 220 (104) | 159 (83) | <.001 | 231 (106) | 158 (94) | <.001 |
| KCCQ overall score | 43 (21) | 36 (19) | .02 | 50 (21) | 35 (18) | <.001 |
| EuroQol VAS | 62 (19) | 54 (24) | .02 | 65 (19) | 53 (21) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; EuroQol VAS, European Quality of Life Assessment visual analog scale; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale-15; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Score; NA, not applicable; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.
a
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
b
Data were not collected for the full sample due to these characteristics being added later in the trial.