Table 5.

Plastic entanglement by organisms

Location	Species	Study period	Entangled material	Entanglement rate	References
South Georgia	Antarctic Fur Seals	1988–1994	Polypropylene packing band (42%), synthetic string (21%), fishing net fragment (14%)	0.4%	(Arnould and Croxall 1995)
Cape Gantheaume, Kangaroo Island	New Zealand fur seals	1989–1991 and 2000–2002	Packing tape (30%), trawl netting (28%), lobster float rope (13%)	0.73%	(Page et al. 2004)
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands	Hawaiian Monk Seal	1982–1998	Net, line, net and line combination, strap, ring	0.70%	(Henderson 2001)
Southern Australia	Australian fur seals	1997–2012	Plastic twine or rope (50%), other plastics (20%), monofilament line (17%)	N/A	(Lawson et al. 2015)
Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia	Steller sea lions	2000–2007	Packing bands 54%, rubber bands (30%), net (7%), rope (7%)	0.26%	(Rodrigue 2017)
Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island	Australian sea lions	1988–2002	Monofilament netting (55%), packing tape (11%), trawl netting (11%), other rope (14%)	0.83%	(Page et al. 2004)
Spanish Iberia and Mauritania	Northern gannets	2007–2010	Fishing ropes (73.5%), nets (11.8%), nylon fishing lines (14.7%)	0.93%	(Rodríguez et al. 2013)
Davis, California	American crow	2012–2013	Synthetic twine, string and rope (77%), plastic strips (10%)	5.6%	(Townsend and Barker 2014)
United States	Other Seals, sea lions, gull, fulmar and turtle	2001–2005	Fishing related (91.7%) such as fishing line, fishing hook, fishing string	N/A	(Thompson et al. 2009)