. 2023 Jan 6;12(2):260. doi: 10.3390/foods12020260

Table 1.

OTA removal with chemical methods.

Fining Agent	Characteristics of Fining Agent	Dosage (g/hL)	Wine Color	OTA Reduction (%)	References
Gelatin		10 mL/hL	Red	58	[51]
	AlCl₃ activated	100	Red	17–30	[81]
	High molecular weight in sheets	16	Red	39	[80]
		10	Red	14	[62]
		10 mL/hL	Red	8–21	[52]
		20	Red	80	[82]
	Gelatin with a high degree of hydrolysis	15	Red	0	[73]
	Gelatin with a low degree of hydrolysis	10	Red	3	[73]
Egg albumin		16	Red	16	[80]
		10	Red	20	[62]
		10	Red	22–34	[52]
		20	Red	94	[82]
		15	Red	9	[73]
Isinglass		10	Red	21	[62]
Bentonite		80	Red	34–40	[83]
		50	Red	7–17	[52]
		250	White	67	[59]
		50	White	20	[62]
	Activated sodium	10–60	Red	22–33	[80]
		100	Red	8	[81]
		10–20	Red	1–12	[42]
		100	White	0–6	[45]
		10–20	Red	10	[82]
		75	Red	17	[73]
Activated Carbon (AC)		20–100	White	13–98	[45]
		25	White	17	[62]
		10–100	Red	36–90	[42]
	Decolorizing	30	Red	73	[34]
	KOH activation	20	Red	54	[84]
		100	White	100	[85]
Gelatin–bentonite		7 + 50	White	20	[62]
Casein–gelatin–bentonite		5 + 7 + 50	White	21	[62]
Polivinilpolipirrolidone (PVPP), plant protein and amorphous silica		10–50	Red	30–40	[80]
Chitin		500	Red	29	[80]
		500	Red	67	[86]
		500	White	53	[86]
Chitosan		500	Red	67	[80]
		500	Red	83	[86]
		500	White	53	[86]
		1000	Red	100	[87]
Oakwood	Powder	800	Red	76	[88]
	Chips	800	Red	50	[88]
PA-EGDMA ¹		500	Red	68	[89]
Kaolinite		100	Red	<1	[81]
Celite		100	Red	<1	[81]
KFeCN ²		10	Red	7–8	[81]
Silica gel	AlCl₃ activated	100	Red	18–34	[81]
	OH	100	Red	1–11	[81]
		50	Red	18	[34]
Zeolite		100	Red	2–5	[81]
Cellulose	Microcrystalline	100	Red	<1	[81]
	Short fiber	50	Red	16	[81]
Carrageenan		100	Red	5–9	[81]
Pectin		100	Red	3–9	[81]
Potassium-caseinate		100	Red	24–35	[81]
		75	Red	11	[73]
		10–250	White	5–15	[59]
PVPP		16	White	0	[52]
		20–80	White	10–12	[59]
		50	Red	14	[34]
		250–500	Red	14–53	[89]
PVP-DEGMA-TAIC ³		250–500	Red	51–70	[89]
Casein		5	White	8	[62]
		40	White	0–13	[52]
Vegetable protein from peas		20	Red	11	[73]
Cholestyramine		10–100	Red	6–35	[59]
KSF-montmorillonite		5–1000	Red	52–100	[87]

¹ poly(acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol-dimethacrylate). ² potassium-ferrocyanide. ³ resins of copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triallyl isocyanurate.