| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| KGM | Konjac glucomannan |
| FSMP | food for special medical purpose |
| GI | glycemic index |
| IRS1 | insulin receptor substrate 1 |
| PI3K | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
| ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
| ALP | serum alkaline phosphatase |
| SOD | superoxide dismutase |
| OKGM | oxidized konjac glucomannan sulfates |
| A-OKGM | acidolysis-oxidized konjac glucomannan |
| BCAA | Branched Chain Amino Acid |