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. 2023 Jan 20;18(1):e0280488. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280488

Fig 2. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PDR.

Fig 2

A) An increased IL-1β expression level was noted in PDR vitreous in contrast to control (p = 0.012) and DM (p = 0.043) samples. B) In addition, the IL-8 concentration was significantly higher in PDR patients than in control (p = 0.018) and NPDR patients (p = 0.034). C) Galectin-1 displayed a trend towards an up-regulation in PDR samples when compared to control samples (p = 0.053). DM: diabetes mellitus; NPDR: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; values are mean ± SEM ± SD; *p<0.05.