Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants (n = 2354).
| Variable | Country | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt (n = 436) |
Iraq (n = 178) |
Jordan (n = 331) |
Saudi Arabia (n = 418) |
Sudan (n = 409) |
Syria (n = 493) |
Others (n = 89) |
Total (n = 2354) |
p-Value * | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 25.0 (58.0) | 26.0 (49.0) | 31.0 (56.0) | 34.0 (57.0) | 24.0 (53) | 39.0 (57.0) | 32.0 (47.0) | 30.0 (58.0) | <0.001 $ |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 135 (31.0) | 53 (29.8) | 119 (36.0) | 127 (30.4) | 119 (29.1) | 315 (63.9) | 36 (40.4) | 904 (38.4) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 301 (69.0) | 125 (70.2) | 212 (64.0) | 291 (69.6) | 290 (70.9) | 178 (36.1) | 53 (59.6) | 1450 (61.6) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | ||||||||
| School level, n (%) | 38 (8.7) | 15 (8.4) | 19 (5.7) | 57 (13.6) | 24 (5.9) | 116 (23.5) | 5 (5.6) | 274 (11.6) | |
| Diploma, n (%) | 20 (4.6) | 10 (5.6) | 31 (9.4) | 45 (10.8) | 20 (4.9) | 124 (25.2) | 5 (5.6) | 255 (10.8) | |
| Bachelor, n (%) | 318 (72.9) | 112 (62.9) | 223 (67.4) | 260 (62.2) | 340 (83.1) | 181 (36.7) | 60 (67.4) | 1494 (63.5) | |
| Postgraduates, n (%) | 60 (13.8) | 41 (23.0) | 58 (17.5) | 56 (13.4) | 25 (6.1) | 72 (14.6) | 19 (21.3) | 331 (14.1) | |
| Residential area | |||||||||
| Urban, n (%) | 302 (69.3) | 135 (75.8) | 306 (92.4) | 376 (90.0) | 368 (90.0) | 403 (81.7) | 77 (86.5) | 1967 (83.6) | <0.001 |
| Rural, n (%) | 134 (30.7) | 43 (24.2) | 25 (7.6) | 42 (10.0) | 41 (10.0) | 90 (18.3) | 12 (13.5) | 387 (16.4) | |
| Major | |||||||||
| Student, n (%) | 187 (42.9) | 56 (31.5) | 68 (20.5) | 81 (19.4) | 231 (56.5) | 52 (10.5) | 14 (15.7) | 689 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| Health sector, n (%) | 126 (28.9) | 76 (42.7) | 102 (30.8) | 124 (29.7) | 81 (19.8) | 141 (28.6) | 34 (38.2) | 684 (29.1) | |
| Non-Health sector, n (%) | 49 (11.2) | 32 (18.0) | 86 (26.0) | 107 (25.6) | 56 (13.7) | 188 (38.1) | 22 (24.7) | 540 (22.9) | |
| Unemployed/retired, n (%) | 74 (17.0) | 14 (7.9) | 75 (22.7) | 106 (25.4) | 41 (10.0) | 112 (22.7) | 19 (21.3) | 441 (18.7) | |
| Do you have any chronic diseases? | |||||||||
| No, n (%) | 382 (87.6) | 153 (86.0) | 272 (82.2) | 306 (73.2) | 339 (82.9) | 401 (81.3) | 71 (79.8) | 1924 (81.7) | |
| Yes, n (%) | 54 (12.4) | 25 (14.0) | 59 (17.8) | 112 (26.8) | 70 (17.1) | 92 (18.7) | 18 (20.2) | 430 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| If yes, which of the following could apply? n (%) | |||||||||
| Hypertension (High blood pressure) | 9 (2.1) | 6 (3.4) | 18 (5.4) | 27 (6.5) | 11 (2.7) | 61 (12.4) | 6 (6.7) | 138 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 34 (7.8) | 25 (14.0) | 13 (3.9) | 27 (6.5) | 9 (2.2) | 29 (5.9) | 18 (20.2) | 155 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Obesity/overweight | 34 (7.8) | 17 (9.6) | 32 (9.7) | 40 (9.6) | 23 (5.6) | 47 (9.5) | 5 (5.6) | 198 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., Stroke) | 54 (12.4) | 20 (11.2) | 11 (3.3) | 66 (15.8) | 41 (10.0) | 17 (3.4) | 18 (20.2) | 227 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Kidney disease | 5 (1.1) | 5 (2.8) | 6 (1.8) | 11 (2.6) | 11 (2.7) | 18 (3.7) | 5 (5.6) | 61 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 10 (2.3) | 12 (6.7) | 6 (1.8) | 12 (2.9) | 8 (2.0) | 62 (12.6) | 11 (12.4) | 121 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 35 (8.0) | 10 (5.6) | 17 (5.1) | 23 (5.5) | 20 (4.9) | 50 (10.1) | 5 (5.6) | 160 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 9 (2.1) | 6 (3.4) | 10 (3.0) | 21 (5.0) | 9 (2.2) | 60 (12.2) | 5 (5.6) | 120 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Immune disorder | 13 (3.0) | 6 (3.4) | 14 (4.2) | 14 (3.3) | 9 (2.2) | 20 (4.1) | 6 (6.7) | 82 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory disease (e.g., Asthma) | 19 (4.4) | 8 (4.5) | 14 (4.2) | 30 (7.2) | 35 (8.6) | 30 (6.1) | 13 (14.6) | 149 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Dermatological disorder (e.g., acne, psoriasis) | 36 (8.3) | 15 (8.4) | 15 (4.5) | 37 (8.9) | 34 (8.3) | 32 (6.5) | 18 (20.2) | 187 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Others | 31 (7.1) | 12 (6.7) | 25 (7.6) | 42 (10.0) | 26 (6.4) | 27 (5.5) | 5 (5.6) | 168 (7.1) | <0.001 |
* Significance measure at p < 0.05, chi-square analysis. $ Kruskal–Wallis H test. Note: each percentage was calculated based on the frequency of the participating country.