. 2023 Jan 4;20(2):900. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20020900

Table 2.

Comparison of BMI, depression, exercise fun, and immersion among groups (n = 70).

Variables		VRE (n = 23)	IBE (n = 24)	Control (n = 23)	F * (p)	F ** (p)
BMI(kg/m²)	Baseline	26.04 ± 2.25	25.07 ± 2.00	25.39 ± 1.67	1.449 (0.242)	Time
	Baseline	26.04 ± 2.25	25.07 ± 2.00	25.39 ± 1.67	1.449 (0.242)	109.320 (p < 0.001)
	After 4 weeks	25.35 ± 2.09 ^a	24.86 ± 1.97 ^b	25.40 ± 1.07 ^c	30.541 (<0.001)	G*T
	After 4 weeks	25.35 ± 2.09 ^a	24.86 ± 1.97 ^b	25.40 ± 1.07 ^c	30.541 (<0.001)	59.491 (p < 0.001)
	After 8 weeks	24.65 ± 1.96 ^a	24.70 ± 1.81 ^b	25.43 ± 1.78 ^c	112.527 (<0.001)	Group
	After 8 weeks	24.65 ± 1.96 ^a	24.70 ± 1.81 ^b	25.43 ± 1.78 ^c	112.527 (<0.001)	0.548 (p = 0.581)
Depression	Baseline	5.48 ± 4.50	5.92 ± 3.22	6.00 ± 2.84	0.141 (0.869)	Time
	Baseline	5.48 ± 4.50	5.92 ± 3.22	6.00 ± 2.84	0.141 (0.869)	16.371 (p < 0.001)
	After 4 weeks	3.05 ± 1.89 ^a	5.54 ± 3.51 ^b	5.91 ± 3.84 ^b	7.804 (0.001)	G*T
	After 4 weeks	3.05 ± 1.89 ^a	5.54 ± 3.51 ^b	5.91 ± 3.84 ^b	7.804 (0.001)	3.462 (p = 0.010)
	After 8 weeks	2.48 ± 1.47 ^a	4.17 ± 2.71 ^b	5.30 ± 3.13 ^b	9.502 (<0.001)	Group
	After 8 weeks	2.48 ± 1.47 ^a	4.17 ± 2.71 ^b	5.30 ± 3.13 ^b	9.502 (<0.001)	3.555 (p = 0.034)
Exercise fun	Baseline	17.57 ± 8.78	21.42 ± 8.21	16.04 ± 9.55	2.309 (0.107)	Time
	Baseline	17.57 ± 8.78	21.42 ± 8.21	16.04 ± 9.55	2.309 (0.107)	8.571 (p < 0.001)
	After 4 weeks	29.61 ± 5.47 ^a	18.88 ± 6.65 ^b	15.35 ± 10.28 ^b	33.731 (<0.001)	G*T
	After 4 weeks	29.61 ± 5.47 ^a	18.88 ± 6.65 ^b	15.35 ± 10.28 ^b	33.731 (<0.001)	12.373 (p < 0.001)
	After 8 weeks	32.83 ± 4.61 ^a	18.92 ± 7.10 ^b	16.00 ± 10.50 ^b	40.554 (<0.001)	Group
	After 8 weeks	32.83 ± 4.61 ^a	18.92 ± 7.10 ^b	16.00 ± 10.50 ^b	40.554 (<0.001)	14.052 (p < 0.001)
Immersion	Baseline	30.00 ± 7.20	32.54 ± 8.61	28.57 ± 8.42	1.454 (0.241)	Time
	Baseline	30.00 ± 7.20	32.54 ± 8.61	28.57 ± 8.42	1.454 (0.241)	7.163 (p = 0.002)
	After 4 weeks	42.91 ± 5.49 ^a	29.38 ± 7.57 ^b	26.87 ± 9.64 ^b	39.187 (<0.001)	G*T
	After 4 weeks	42.91 ± 5.49 ^a	29.38 ± 7.57 ^b	26.87 ± 9.64 ^b	39.187 (<0.001)	14.629 (p < 0.001)
	After 8 weeks	45.91 ± 5.95 ^a	29.13 ± 6.84 ^b	27.65 ± 8.90 ^b	52.346 (<0.001)	Group
	After 8 weeks	45.91 ± 5.95 ^a	29.13 ± 6.84 ^b	27.65 ± 8.90 ^b	52.346 (<0.001)	21.219 (p < 0.001)

VRE: Virtual Reality Exercise Group. IBE: Indoor Bicycle Exercise Group. Control: Control Group. BMI (Body Mass Index). * ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance). ** Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance. ^a,b,c (Means for each group with different superscript (a, b, c) indicate a significant difference by Bonferroni (p < 0.05)).