Sequence and structural variation within centromeric α-satellite HOR arrays. (a) Plots showing the structure of the chromosome Y DYZ3 α-satellite HOR array in ten diverse human genomes, highlighting the presence of a 36-mer α-satellite HOR variant in four haplotypes (HG002, HG01109, HG03248, and HG02572) [76]. (b) Plots showing the α-satellite HOR haplotypes (HOR-haps) present in the chromosome X DXZ2 α-satellite HOR array in seven diverse human genomes. Two genomes (HG01109 and HG03492) harbor a haplotype with a recent duplication, while three others (HG01243, HG02055, and HG03098) harbor a haplotype that is especially prevalent among those with African ancestry. Adapted from [44]. (c) Plots showing the pairwise sequence identity between chromosome 8 centromeric regions from three human haplotypes (CHM13 and two haplotypes from HG00733). The D8Z2 α-satellite HOR array shows variation in sequence and structure, while the flanking sequences do not. Adapted from [42].