Table 2.
Generalized linear mixed models of associations between transitions onto ART and OAT among HIV-positive people reporting daily or more frequent opioid use in Vancouver, Canada (2005–2017; N = number of observations)
| Characteristic | Concurrent transitions onto ART N = 3785 |
Lagged† transitions onto ART N = 2789 |
Forward-lagged‡ transitions onto ART N = 2770 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Bivariable cOR (95% CI) | Multivariable aOR (95% CI) | Bivariable cOR (95% CI) | Multivariable aOR (95% CI) | Bivariable cOR (95% CI) | Multivariable aOR (95% CI) | |||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Transitions onto ART | 2.72 (1.78–4.16) | *** | 2.33 (1.50–3.62) | *** | 1.32 (0.69–2.51) | 1.09 (0.57–2.09) | 4.04 (2.51–6.49) | *** | 2.51 (1.49–4.22) | *** | ||
| Older age (per 10 years older) | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | *** | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | *** | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | *** | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | * | 0.66 (0.57–0.76) | *** | 0.58 (0.49–0.70) | *** |
| Identifying as man | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | – | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | – | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | – | ||||||
| White ethnicity | 0.71 (0.56–0.90) | ** | – | 0.71 (0.56–0.90) | ** | 0.62 (0.44–0.86) | ** | 0.71 (0.56–0.90) | ** | – | ||
| ≥ High school educationa | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | – | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | – | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | – | ||||||
| Recent incarcerationa | 1.61 (1.08–2.40) | * | – | 1.61 (1.08–2.40) | * | – | 1.61 (1.08–2.40) | * | – | |||
| Homelessnessa | 2.17 (1.67–2.84) | *** | – | 2.17 (1.67–2.84) | *** | 1.78 (1.19–2.66) | ** | 2.17 (1.67–2.84) | *** | – | ||
| Regular employment | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | – | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | – | 0.73 (0.51–1.06) | – | ||||||
| Informal or illegal income generationa | 1.42 (1.12–1.81) | ** | – | 1.42 (1.12–1.81) | ** | – | 1.42 (1.12–1.81) | ** | – | |||
| Public injectinga | 1.50 (1.16–1.94) | ** | – | 1.50 (1.16–1.94) | ** | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 1.50 (1.16–1.94) | ** | – | |||
| Binge drug usea | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | * | – | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | * | – | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | * | – | |||
| Syringe sharinga | 2.40 (1.37–4.22) | ** | – | 2.40 (1.37–4.22) | ** | – | 2.40 (1.37–4.22) | ** | – | |||
| Pipe sharinga | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | * | – | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | * | 1.24 (0.87–1.77) | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | * | – | |||
| Injecting alonea | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | – | (0.91–1.50) | 1.24 (0.89–1.73) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | – | ||||||
| CD4 cell counts (per 100 cell/mm3 increase) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | ** | 0.94 (0.89 –0.99) | * | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | ** | 0.96 (0.89–1.02) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | ** | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | ||
95% CI: 95% confidence interval, aOR: adjusted odds ratio, ART: antiretroviral therapy, cOR: crude odds ratio, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, OAT: opioid agonist therapy
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001
†
ART engagement preceding transitions onto OAT
‡
Transitions onto OAT preceding ART engagement
a
Describes behaviours or exposures in the past 6 prior to interview