TABLE 3.
Cytokines and chemokines involved in signaling crosstalk between CAFs and cancer cells
| Cytokine or chemokine | Cancer type | Biological effects | Signaling cascades | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Notch signaling pathway | ||||
| IL‐8 | Ovarian cancer | Stemness and chemoresistance | N/A | [386] |
| The Wnt signaling pathway | ||||
| CXCL12 | Ovarian cancer | EMT and chemoresistance | CXCL12/CXCR4/Wnt/β‐catenin | [387] |
| IL‐1β | Bladder cancer | Proliferation and invasion | N/A | [388] |
| Ovarian cancer | Immune suppression | PS1/Wnt/β‐catenin/IL‐1β | [389] | |
| The NF‐κB signaling pathway | ||||
| CCL5 | Lung cancer | Proliferation | HIF‐1α/NF‐κB/CCL5 | [390] |
| CXCL11 | Ovarian cancer | Proliferation and migration | LTBR/NF‐κB/CXCL11 | [248] |
| IL‐1β | Oral cancer | Proliferation, migration and invasion | IL‐1β/NF‐κB/CCL22/CCR4 | [391] |
| IL‐8 | Breast cancer | Invasion and EMT | IL‐8/NF‐κB/S100A8 | [392] |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Radioresistance | N/A | [253] | |
| Gastric cancer | Chemoresistance | N/A | [252] | |
| The JAK/STAT signaling pathway | ||||
| IL‐6 | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Chemoresistance | N/A | [270] |
| Gallbladder cancer | Angiogenesis | IL‐6/JAK/STAT3/NOX4 | [264] | |
| Breast cancer | Proliferation | IL‐6/STAT3/AUF1/ATR | [393] | |
| Colorectal cancer | Proliferation | IL‐6/STAT3/Periostin | [394] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | EMT | IL‐6/IL6R/STAT3/TG2 | [395] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Immune suppression | IL6/STAT3/PD‐L1 | [267] | |
| IL‐17a | Gastric cancer | Migration and invasion | N/A | [271] |
| The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | ||||
| CCL26 | Pancreatic cancer | Migration | N/A | [396] |
| CXCL5 | Colorectal cancer | Immune suppression | CXCL5/CXCR2/PI3K/AKT/PD‐L1 | [314] |
| The MAPK signaling pathway | ||||
| CCL20 | Pancreatic cancer | Immune suppression | N/A | [292] |
| CXCL1 | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Radioresistance | N/A | [397] |
| CXCL6 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Stemness | CXCL6/ERK1/2/CLCF1 | [14] |
| IL32 | Breast cancer | EMT and invasion | IL32/integrin β3/p38 MAPK | [289] |
| IL‐33 | Gastric cancer | EMT, migration and invasion | IL‐33/ST2L/ERK1/2/SP1/ZEB2 | [398] |
Abbreviations: CAFs, cancer‐associated fibroblasts; IL, interleukin; CXCL, C‐X‐C chemokine ligand; EMT, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition; CXCR, C‐X‐C chemokine receptor; PS1, Presenilin 1; NF‐κB, nuclear factor kappa‐B; CCL, C‐C motif chemokine ligand; HIF, hypoxia‐inducible factor; LTBR, Lymphotoxin beta receptor; CCR, C‐C motif chemokine receptor; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; NOX4, NADPH oxidase 4; TG2, Transglutaminase 2; PD‐L1, programmed death ligand‐1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; CLCF1, Cardiotrophin like cytokine factor 1; ZEB, Zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox; N/A, not applicable