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. 2023 Jan 20;14:344. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35977-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Expression of FGF1 and β-gal in one-month-old Gli1-LacZ mice. b Relative contributions of ligand-receptor pairs to the overall communication network of FGF signaling pathway; the Fgf1-Fgfr1 pair is the major contributor. c Expression of FGFR1 and β-gal in one-month-old Gli1-LacZ mice. d Immunoprecipitation assay demonstrating the interaction between FGF1 and FGFR1 in the proximal mesenchyme of the incisor. e Expression of Fgfr1 and tdTomato in MSC cultures from Gli1^CreER;tdTomato mice. f–j Abnormal dentin formation in Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl mice three months after tamoxifen induction. f CT imaging of the incisors of Fgfr1^fl/fl and Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl mice. White arrow points to the dental pulp cavity; the white arrowhead points to narrowed pulp cavity. g Histological analysis of Fgfr1^fl/fl and Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl mice. Yellow arrow points to pre-odontoblast; yellow arrowhead points to abnormal pre-odontoblast; asterisk points to abnormal dentin formation. h Expression of Dspp in control and Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl mice. Yellow arrow points to the distance between the bending point of the cervical loop and the initiation of odontoblast differentiation. i Quantification of dental pulp cavity percentage in control and mutant mice. P = 0.0008. j Quantification of the distance of Dspp⁺ cells to cervical loop in control and mutant mice. P < 0.0001. Schematic at the bottom indicates the induction protocol. mpt month post-tamoxifen injection. k The growth rate of the incisor was detected with notch movement observed at day (D)3, D6, and D14 in control and Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl mice. White arrow points to the notch location; the schematic at the bottom indicates the induction protocol. mpt month post-tamoxifen injection. l Quantification of notch movement in control and mutant mice. P = 0.0123. For I, j and l, n = 3 and each data point represent one animal, with unpaired Student’s t-test performed. All data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Each experiment was repeated independently three times. White dotted line outlines the cervical loop. Cre-: Fgfr1^fl/fl; Cre+: Gli1^CreER;Fgfr1^fl/fl. Scale bars, f 1 mm; k 2 mm; e 50 μm; others, 100 μm.