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. 2023 Jan 20;13:1148. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28449-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Serum levels of cortisol (A) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) (B) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), patients with schizophrenia, and controls. The mean and standard deviation for each group are shown as bar graphs and error bars, respectively. Serum cortisol levels in patients with MDD were higher than in controls (p = 0.02), and those in patients with schizophrenia were higher than in controls and patients with MDD (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively) (A). Serum IGF-1 levels were higher in patients with MDD and schizophrenia than in controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in serum IGF-1 levels between patients with MDD and schizophrenia (p = 1.0) (B).