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. 2023 Jan 21;13:17. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02307-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A–D Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the brain of the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. A Up- and downregulation of differentially expressed genes. B Heatmap of DEGs in the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. Red shows upregulated DEGs, and blue shows downregulated DEGs. C Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs in the brain tissue of the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. D Enriched KEGG pathways of DEGs in the brain tissue of the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. E Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the serotonergic synapse pathway and glutamatergic synapse pathway. (a), (c) Expression of eight DEGs. (b), (d) Relative gene expression verification of eight DEGs. F Correlation between the changes in serum metabolites and DEGs involved in the serotonergic synapse pathway and glutamatergic synapse pathway in the brains of the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. G Correlation between the changes in the relative abundance of individual genera and DEGs involved in the serotonergic synapse pathway and glutamatergic synapse pathway in the brains of the VPA_TD_FMT group and the VPA_ASD_FMT group. P-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini‒Hochberg false discovery rate. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; H (a) Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunofluorescence staining of the mice after FMT. Microphotographs showing the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the hippocampal region of the brain in response to FMT; (b) c-Fos activation patterns in the hippocampal region in response to FMT, Scale bar is 200 μm.