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. 2023 Jan 20;3:9. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00234-0

Fig. 1. Illustrating the difference between total, direct, and indirect effects, using a hypothetical diagram of intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease.

Fig. 1

IDL-C intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CHD coronary heart disease, and common causes (confounders) represented by U.