Table 3.
Associations between food insecurity and physical health indicators.
| Outcome variables | Response format | Food insecurity | Univariable odds ratio (95% CI) | Multivariable odds ratio (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General underweight | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.78 (1.62, 1.95)*** | 1.28 (1.16, 1.40)*** | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.80 (1.61, 2.01)*** | 1.25 (1.11, 1.40)*** | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.94 (1.71, 2.20)*** | 1.36 (1.19, 1.55)*** | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 2.07 (1.81, 2.38)*** | 1.41 (1.22, 1.64)*** | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 2.27 (1.99, 2.59)*** | 1.51 (1.32, 1.73)*** | ||
| General overweight/obesity | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 0.56 (0.51, 0.62)*** | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88)*** | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 0.54 (0.47, 0.61)*** | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91)*** | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 0.53 (0.47, 0.60)*** | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92)*** | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 0.51 (0.44, 0.58)*** | 0.79 (0.68, 0.92)** | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 0.38 (0.33, 0.43)*** | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65)*** | ||
| Bone/joint disease | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.27 (1.12, 1.44)*** | 1.18 (1.04, 1.34)* | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.37 (1.18, 1.60)*** | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47)** | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.29 (1.08, 1.55)** | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 1.47 (1.22, 1.78)*** | 1.29 (1.05, 1.58)* | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 1.40 (1.18, 1.64)*** | 1.32 (1.10, 1.58)** | ||
| Hypertension (measured) | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95)** | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 0.75 (0.67, 0.86)*** | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97)* | ||
| Hypertension (self-report) | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | – |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | |||
| Cut size/skip meals | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | |||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | |||
| Not eat for whole day | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | |||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | |||
| Heart disease | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | – |
| Yes | 1.07 (0.76, 1.49) | |||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.24 (0.79, 1.92) | |||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) | |||
| Not eat for whole day | 0.76 (0.48, 1.19) | |||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 0.88 (0.61, 1.27) | |||
| Angina | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.93 (1.68, 2.23)*** | 1.80 (1.58, 2.06)*** | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.89 (1.59, 2.25)*** | 1.69 (1.42, 2.01)*** | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.72 (1.40, 2.10)*** | 1.58 (1.31, 1.92)*** | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 2.12 (1.76, 2.55)*** | 1.93 (1.60, 2.34)*** | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 2.19 (1.85, 2.58)*** | 1.96 (1.65, 2.32)*** | ||
| Stroke | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.76 (1.15, 2.70)** | 1.21 (0.90, 1.62) | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.85 (1.02, 3.34)* | 1.12 (0.79, 1.57) | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.69 (0.83, 3.42) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.39) | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 1.17 (0.80, 1.70) | 0.99 (0.64, 1.54) | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 1.89 (1.39, 2.57)*** | 1.44 (0.96, 2.14) | ||
| Diabetes | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 0.80 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.84 (0.72, 1.01) | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 0.59 (0.48, 0.73)*** | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99)* | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 0.86 (0.46, 1.62) | 0.78 (0.62, 1.02) | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 0.60 (0.46, 0.77)*** | 0.87 (0.67, 1.13) | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 0.65 (0.53, 0.81)*** | 0.95 (0.75, 1.19) | ||
| Chronic lung disease | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.34 (1.10, 1.63)** | 1.22 (1.03, 1.45)* | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.27 (1.03, 1.55)* | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.34 (1.02, 1.75) | 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95)* | 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 1.46 (1.13, 1.89)** | 1.19 (0.92, 1.53) | ||
| Functional limitationsb | No | Overall food insecurity | 1 Reference | 1 Reference |
| Yes | 1.84 (1.62, 2.08)*** | 1.68 (1.47, 1.92)*** | ||
| Cut size/skip meals | 1.96 (1.74, 2.21)*** | 1.77 (1.54, 2.03)*** | ||
| Hungry but not eat | 1.92 (1.60, 2.30)*** | 1.74 (1.45, 2.09)*** | ||
| Not eat for whole day | 2.06 (1.79, 2.36)*** | 1.80 (1.56, 2.09)*** | ||
| Lost weight due to lack of food | 2.02 (1.79, 2.28)*** | 1.77 (1.55, 2.03)*** |
CI confidence interval.
***p < 0.001,**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
aAdjusted for all social and demographic factors, and health variables, bDifficulties with two or more Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and/or Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).