Fig. 1.

Diagram of mercapturic acid pathway of trichloroethylene (TCE) and human cell models tested. Enzymes involved: a glutathione S-transferases; b γ-glutamyltransferase; c cysteinyl-glycine dipeptidase; d cysteine conjugate β-lyase; e cysteine conjugate N-acetyltransferase; f aminoacylase. Formation of sulfoxides of cysteine conjugates and mercapturic acids is not shown to avoid an overcomplicated figure. The tested chemicals in this study were 1,2-DCVG, 2,2-DCVG, 1,2-DCVC and 2,2-DCVC. Human in vitro cell models tested: HUVEC/TERT2 as the endothelial vascular system, HepaRG as a hepatic model, RPTEC/TERT1 as a renal model, LUHMES as dopaminergic neurons model, UKN5 as hiPSC derived peripheral neurons and BCC42, as hiPSC derived brain cortical cultures containing all subtypes of neurons and astrocytes