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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Physiol. 2022 Aug 8;601(13):2635–2654. doi: 10.1113/JP283346

Table 1:

Cell behavior regulated by secreted factors in the model. The up arrow indicates activation and the down arrow represents inhibition by these regulated factors.

Regulating Factors
Cell Behavior IL-1β TNFα GM-CSF MMP-9 TGFβ
Cardiomyocyte cell death
Neutrophil infiltration
Neutrophil removal
Monocyte infiltration
Monocyte removal
Macrophage differentiation
Macrophage proliferation
Macrophage removal
Macrophage phagocytosis
IL-1β secretion by macrophages
TNFα secretion by macrophages
TGFβ secretion by macrophages
Fibroblast proliferation
TNFα secretion by fibroblasts
MMP-9 secretion by fibroblasts
TGFβ secretion by fibroblasts
Pro-collagen secretion by fibroblasts
Collagen maturation