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. 2023 Jan 20;13:1152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28108-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative case of pachychoroid neovasculopathy. (a) Fundus photograph of a 62-year-old female patient showing a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormality and a subretinal hemorrhage in the macular area. Large choroidal vessels can be seen on the nasal and temporal side of the macular area. (b) OCT image showing choroidal thickening, dilated choroidal pachyvessels with inner choroidal attenuation (asterisks). The dotted line represents the choroid-sclera interface. An RPE detachment can be seen at the fovea. (c) Fluorescein angiogram showing window defects and some discharge in the macular area in the early phase (22 s). (d)–(g) Indocyanine green angiogram showing dilated choroidal vessels with focal choroidal hyperpermeability and macular neovascularization (MNV) with polypoidal lesions at the macular area. (d; 14 s, e; 17 s, f; 29 s, g; 10 min 28 s).