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. 2023 Jan 20;14(1):45. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05557-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A Immunofluorescent analysis of the colocalization between ALDH2 and mitochondria (indicated by Mito Tracker) in HK-2 cells (n = 3). Scale bars, 20 μm. B The expression of mitochondria-related proteins (ALDH2, PGC-1α and ATP5a1) was measured by western blotting (n = 3). C, D Measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption ratio (OCR) in HK-2 cells (n = 9–12 each group). E Images of JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential in 4 groups (n = 3). Scale bars, 20 μm. F The expression of aerobic glycolysis-related enzymes (HK2, PFKFB3 and PKM2) was measured by western blotting (n = 3). G Measurement of mitochondrial extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in HK-2 cells (n = 12 each group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, ^####P < 0.0001; ns not significant. (Con Control, MA maleic acid, M + A maleic acid + Alda-1, A Alda-1, OCR oxygen consumption ratio, ECAR extracellular acidification rate, Oligo oligomycin, ROT + AA rotenone/antimycin A).