Figure 4.

Incomplete measurements in high-dimensional systems introduce chaos

(A and B) (A) Chaotic (seemingly crossing and intermingling) dynamical trajectories in an observational space (here, the two-dimensional data manifold in orange) are resolved (B) when the same system is measured in its full descriptive space (here, the three-dimensional data manifold in gray), which disentangles the front (red) and back (yellow) views of the three-dimensional data manifold on which the dynamics take place.